oUnidirectional Flows

oDifferential analysis of fluid flow problems

oExact Solutions of the Continuity
and Navier–Stokes Equations
oApproximate Solution

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 DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW
PROBLEMS
There are two types of problems for which the differential equations
(continuity and Navier–Stokes) are useful:
1. Calculating the pressure field for a known velocity field
2. Calculating both the velocity and pressure fields for a flow of known
geometry and known boundary conditions

A general three-
dimensional but
incompressible flow field
with constant properties
requires four equations to
solve for four unknowns.
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 Exact Solutions of the Continuity Boundary Conditions
and Navier–Stokes Equations No-slip boundary condition:
→ →
V fluid = V wall

A piston moving at speed VP in a cylinder.

A thin film of oil is sheared between the
piston and the cylinder; a magnified view of
Procedure for solving the the oil film is shown. The no-slip boundary
incompressible continuity and condition requires that the velocity of fluid
Navier–Stokes equations. adjacent to a wall equal that of the wall.
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 Uni Directional Flow ( Parallel flow)
Almost all of them are for unidirectional flows in
which there is one flow direction only
 Choose the x-axix to be in the direction of flow: u =
u ( x, y, z, t)
Fixed plate
y
 Set v = w = 0 z x 2a
Fluid flow direction

Fixed plate
∂u ∂v ∂w ∂u
Continuity Equation + + =0 =0
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x
∂u ∂u 1 ∂p  ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p  ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u  +u =− +υ  2 + 2 
X- Motion ∂t
+u
∂x
+v
∂y
+w
∂z
=−
ρ ∂x
+υ 2 + 2 + 2 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
∂t ∂x ρ ∂x  ∂y ∂z 

∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v 1 ∂p  ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v  ∂p
+u +v +w = − +υ 2 + 2 + 2  0=−
Y- Motion ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ρ ∂y  ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂y
∂p
0=−
Z- Motion ∂w
+u
∂w
+v
∂w
+w
∂w
=−
1 ∂p ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w
+υ 2 + 2 + 2  ∂z
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ρ ∂z  ∂x ∂y ∂z 

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External forces are neglected
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 CouetteFlow, Poiseuille Flow
A layer of viscous fluid of height h is
Shered between two parallel plates by
Moving the top plate horizontally with speed U Moving plate
y at velocity U
∂u ∂u 1 ∂p  ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 
+u =− +υ  2 + 2 
∂t ∂x ρ ∂x  ∂y ∂z  x h
Fluid flow direction
Steady, 2-D
∂p ∂ 2u Fixed plate
0=− +µ 2
∂x ∂y
∂ 2u ∂p
µ = G, G = Cons tan t applied pressure gradient = −
∂y ∂x
Ui
2

⇒ u( y ) =
G 2
y + c1 y + c 2 y=h
2µ

u = Uy/h
Boundary conditions: u(0) = 0, u (h) = U
y=0
u( y ) = − y (h − y ) +
G Uy
2µ h
6
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 Special Cases

Couette Flow (G = 0= Zero pressure gradient)

u( y ) =
Uy
h
Poiseuille Flow (U = 0, driven by pressure gradient
G ≠ 0 has a quadratic velocity profile)
u( y ) = − y (h − y )
G
2µ
Shear Stress
h
1
( ) U G 2
h ∫0
Average Velocity ua = u y dy = − h du U
2 12 µ Shear Stress τ Cou = µ =µ
dy h
U G 2
Q = hu a = h − h 
Volumetric Flow  2 12 µ 

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 HW 2.5
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 HW 7.58

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 Steady flow between fixed parallel
plates
∂p ∂ 2u
0=− +µ 2
∂x ∂y
y
∂ 2u ∂p
µ 2 = G, G = Cons tan t applied pressure gradient = − h u
∂y ∂x
x
⇒ u( y ) =
G 2
2µ
y + c1 y + c 2
h z

Boundary conditions: u = 0, y = ± h

u( y ) =
G 2
2µ
(
y − h2 )
Which gives the velocity profile between the two fixed plates is parabolic

14
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 Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in a pipe
Flow in Circular Tubes
Fixed pipe
r

Fluid flow direction ϴ

z y uz
uϴ
ur

1 ∂  ∂u z  1 ∂p
Here uϴ = ur= 0 r =
r ∂r  ∂z  µ ∂z
∂u z 1  ∂p  2
=0 ⇒ uz =  r + c1 ln r + c 2
∂z 4 µ  ∂z 
∂p Boundary conditions: u = 0, r = R
0 = − ρg sin θ −
∂r u = ∞, r = 0
1 ∂p
0 = − ρg cos θ −
r ∂θ
∂p
0 = − + µ
 1 ∂  ∂u z
r


uz =
G 2
4µ
(
R − r2 )
∂z  r ∂r  ∂z 
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 HW 7.30-7.33

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 HW 2.8

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 Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid between a
stationary outer cylinder and a rotating inner cylinder
- Co-axil circular pipe

Step 1: Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations are used

Step 2: Cylindrical polar coordinate is chosen

Step 3: functional dependence of the velocity components are

determined
r direction: ur = function of (t, r, φ , z)
φ direction: uφ = function of (t, r, φ , z)
z direction: uz = function of (t, r, φ , z) ri
1  ∂p  2
r
uz =  r + c1 ln r + c 2 r0
4 µ  ∂z  z
Boundary conditions: u = 0, r = r0; aΩ
 u = 0, r = ri 
 2 ri − r02  r 
( )
2
G
uz =  r − r0
2
+ ln 
4µ  ln 0   r0 
r
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  ri  
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 HW 7.46 and 7.48

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 Flow Between Rotating cylinder

Here uz = ur= 0

∂uθ
=0
∂θ
uθ2 1 ∂p Ri r
− =− (1)
R ρ ∂R
d 2 uθ d  uθ  R0 z
0= +  
dR 2 dR  R  Ω
uθ ( R ) =
AR B
+
2 R

Boundary conditions

uθ (R0 ) = ω 0 R0 , uθ (Ri ) = ω i Ri
 Ri2 R02 
uθ ( R ) = 2
1
( 2 2
)
 ω 0 R0 − ω i Ri R − (ω 0 − ω i ) 
R0 − Ri2  R 
26
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 HW

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 Stokes First Problem
u = u (r, t), v = w = 0 u( 0, t)

t
u (0, t ) = 0 for t ≤ 0
U for t 〉 0

Suddenly the plate is jerked into motion in its own plane with
constant velocity
f ′′ + 2ηf ′ = 0
∂u ∂ 2u Transformed Boundary conditions
=υ 2
∂t ∂y f = 1@η = 0, f = 0 @η → ∞ f (η ) = c erf (η ) + B
Set f (η ) = 1 − erf (η )
η=
y
, u = Uf (η ) u ( y, t )  y 
⇒ = 1 − erf  
2 υt U  2 υt 
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 STOKES First Problems

33
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 HW

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 HW

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