ILH 271: Community Development Planning (CD Planning)

A. Course Description: Philosophy, principles and problem of CD Planning implementation in Indonesia

B.

Objectives: At the end of the courses the students should be able to: 1. demonstrate a clear understanding of the concepts of CD and its implementation in CD Planning 2. describes the components of CD Planning and their inter-relationships and find out how the theories and principles can be applied 3. explain the various models/strategies of CD Planning 4. present a critical analysis of CD Planning situation in Indonesia and other country
Course Requirements: 1. Classroom participations 2. Classroom presentations 3. Papers/Reports/Cases study Lecturers: 1. Prof Dr. Sudharto P. Hadi, MES 2. Prof. Ir. Suryanto, MSPSL 3. Dr J.C. Tukiman Taruna

C.

D.

ILH 271:

Community Development Planning

By J.C. Tukiman Taruna

A. History and background B. The Concept of CD C. The Principles of CD D. The Nature and/or Spirit of CD E. How to design the CD Planning?

A. History and Background

1. The term of community development was introduced in the US in the 1930s to denote community participation in planning influenced

by (a) experiences of adult education, community services, and social welfare program, and (b) post-world war II activities of the University of Kentucky and Washington in assisting depressed communities.

2. The social welfare program experiences in US and Europe contribute to the ideology underlying the concept and approach of CD this welfare program is
rooted in relief and other charitable efforts to help the poor which focused primarily on the urban poor

3. In 1948, term of CD was first used officially at the British Colonial Offices Cambridge Conference on the Development of African Initiatives it was proposed to help the British African territories
prepare for independence by improving local government and developing the territories economically.

4. The first major CD program was launched in India in 1952 by Ford Foundation and US Foreign economic assistance agency (then there are
program in Philippines and Nepal, 1956; Vietnam, 1957; Laos, Thailand, South Korea, 1958; Cambodia, 1959)

Based on such historical back-ground: What is CD?

CD as a concept is an outgrowth of the educational movement it is a product in most cases of university extension, it
is education-oriented, therefore be considered as adult education.

CD also is marked by universality, a belief and a faith equally applicable to all nations however because of
socially, economically, and politically depressed in some areas of the world, it was happen that the priority is in underdeveloped countries

The main problem in CD are: (a) population is increasing,

(b) population movement from rural to urban, rural people continue to respond with indifference to change, and (d) the worst impact of war.

Relationships the CD with ..

CD Social Change: SC is neutral either progression or regression, while CD is achievement community CD Community Organization: CO is a sub-set of CD, namely CO is a method only and change oriented CD Rural Development: CD both for rural and urban, while RD is focused on rural

 CD Extension Education: - Similarities: (a) both are a democratic approaches through persuasion; (b) seek to improve the life of people; and educational approach. - Differences: (a) locus of operation: CD in the community as a whole, EE at individual/family level; (b) approach: CD used wholistic, while EE focused on one aspect, e.g planting; change agents: CD is generalistic, while EE is use to a specialist; (d) implementation: CD is by, for, and from the people; EE by the government, university, NGO etc.

B. The Concepts of CD

1. CD as PROCESS 2. CD as METHOD
3. CD as PROGRAM 4. CD as MOVEMENT

1. CD as a process
Through mastering the process, people learn how to help themselves to uplift their quality of lives. The process is one which people: - determine their goals - inventory existing condition - compare present conditions with desires goals in order to discover their needs - develop possible plans - select the most desirable plan - execute the plan - evaluate result - decide on future courses of action.

2. CD as METHOD
CD is not only the process, since it is a process that has method through four steps: - First step is systematic discussion of common felt needs by members of community. - Second step is systematic planning to carry out the first self-help undertaking that has been accepted by the community. - Third step is the almost complete mobilization and harnessing of the physical, economic, and social potentialities of local community groups. - Fourth step is the creation of aspiration and the determination to undertake additional community improvement projects.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT

4. UNDERTAKING ADDITIONAL PROJECTS

3. MOBILIZING LOCAL RESOURCES

2. PLANNING SYSTEMATICALLY

1. DISCUSSING COMMON PROBLEMS

3. CD as PROGRAM
Its an action or even serial activities where people have open opportunity to freely take in part (participation).

4. CD as MOVEMENT
People not only involve/ participate in the program, but they have good commitment, emotional linkages, while the institution at community level become stronger.

C. The Principles of CD
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Wholistic Self-help Democratic Voluntary People-center

1. Wholistic
a. The CD program should be based on integrated approach and wholistic needs of the community, not only social and economic aspects Integrated development if the total community life For the program to be effective, it must be based on the understanding of the culture patterns of the community integrative quality and multiplicity of culture The CD program must be based on the sound foundation of facts able to unite broad objectives, sound organization, careful and realistic planning. The CD program must start where people are and begin with their felt-needs. to response their need as seen by them The CD program must be built from the bottom

b. c. d. e.

2. Self-help
a. The spirit of CD lies in helping people to help themselves self-help: improve self respect, self determination, self organization b. Voluntary cooperation rather than compulsion improve mutual trust c. Development of attitude of self-confidence, initiative and cooperation d. CD is continuous educational process

3. Democratic
a. People/community have maximum freedom and self determination b. Concern with participation at any level of community c. Not in coercion both from inside or outside d. Dynamic and imaginative leadership e. Develop effective democratic both at national, regional and local government

4. Voluntary
a. Trained personnel to do technical assistance b. Voluntary leadership and cooperation c. Trained personnel do not dictate, drive, manage, or impose community d. Salary is not a must/neccessary

5. People-center
a. Villagers can develop and have the capacity to confront their own problems b. People want change and they themselves can change c. People can participate, they must be provided with opportunities to organize themselves d. Changes that are self-imposed have more significant and permanent in community life than change were imposed from outside

D. The Nature and/or Spirit of CD 1. 2. 3. 4. Human dignity People participation Empowerment Justice

1. Human dignity
The people is the focus. One must first be aware of his own worth as a human being. The cause and end of development is MAN/PEOPLE. (Every man have 100% potencies, but in fact only about 30% feasible, while the other are not be used) At the community there are potencies of: (i) community leaders, (ii) community organizations, (iii) community fund, (iv) community material, (v) community knowledge, (vi) community technology, and (vii) community decision making.

 Aspects of human dignity (HD), are:

- HD is a state of being: an inherent individual growth; - HD is the ultimate goal of justice, participation, and empowerment; - HD is the core from which the other three spirit emanates/came from; - HD is the point behind all development; - HD begins with a personal concepts of himself - HD is a main reason for respecting everyone for what she/he is - HD is the basic for protecting human right
The complete development of man, in accordance with HD is, TO BE MORE rather than to merely have more

2. People Participation (PP)

The main meaning of PP is DESIGN THE DECISION. PP is the enlightened, responsible, active and sustained involvement of people/community in the development process from (a) problem identification to (b) planning implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of the activities which are for all well-being of the people which ensure equitable sharing of the benefits of development.

Aspects of PP are:
- PP is concerns to social, economic, political, and cultural issues - PP needs mechanism/structures to operationalize the process from lower level (village) to highest level of government - PP implies a process of raising critical consciousness of people/community about their problems at national and even international level - PP applies to data generation - PP has various forms e.g. proactive or reactive (proactive means dont being responsive, while reactive means being abused) - PP requires communication and access to information. - PP must be seen as (a) a means, and (b) an ends - PP indicate varying level of involvement, but allow people the freedom not to participate

3. Empowerment
Empowerment is a sustained process in which people/ community through collective action and reflection gain a deeper understanding of the root causes of their powerlessness and gain self-confidence, so that they can become authors of their lives and their destiny to pursuit of TOTAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. Aspects of Empowerment (physical, intellectual, economic, political, and cultural) - Realignment of economic and political institutions at the community level that promote an on going process of democratization - Expectation/demand for access resources on people/community is own terms through negotiation taking responsibility for their own development. - Self-reliance and self-management - Informed regularly the accountability of the use of public funds and resources allocation - New relationship and structures will evolve wherein people in the lower stratum can take new roles in civil affairs.

4. Justice
Justice is demands equitable access to and distribution of resources, services, and benefits, as well as the recoqnition of the right of people to their cultural heritage. Aspects of justice, are:
Access to and equitable use of resources and social services Basic right-enjoyed by all Growth with equity Participation in benefits Relates to needs and the abilities of individuals to contribute to the common good Proper use of the gifts of creation Particular applications are evolving according to human need.

E. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLANNING: How and who?

MAGNITUDE

Incremental-Marginal/Comprehensive Revolutionary Decline Shorterm Progress Longterm

DIRECTION DURATION LEVEL

Individual/Group/Organization/Institution/Society

IDENTITY

Spesific changes as correspond to levels, duration, direction & magnitude FAST

 In planning (and doing) the program of CD, let we always aware about: a. How far the magnitude of the program; b. What and where is the direction c. How long the duration of the program d. In what/where level is? e. So that we know, what kind of identity of the program

 Magnitude of change: Its should be measured from incremental marginal comprehensive revolutionary

Direction of change:
The is an axis that reflect the progress or decline in the program

 Duration: The program possible in short term or long term period Level: The level of the program relates to whom is/are affected: individual group organization institution community

Identity:
There are differs identity from one group/community to others. There is no single identity.

PARADIGM FOR CHANGE PROCESS

(Bennis et al. 1992)

Mutual Goal Setting

POWER RATIO
Deliberate on the part of one or both sides of the relationship Non deliberate on the part of both sides

(or goal set by one side)

Deliberate on the part of one or both sides of the relationship Non deliberate on the part of both sides

Mutual Goal Setting

0,5/0,5

PLANNED CHANGE INDOCTRINATIONAL CHANGE

INTERACTIONAL CHANGE SOCIALIZATION CHANGE

TECHNOCRATIC CHANGE COERCIVE CHANGE

NATURAL CHANGE EMULATIVE CHANGE

1/0

The paradigm Warren G. Bennis, 1992)

There are two variabels, namely power ratio and goal settings.
The type of development, are: - Where there are planned change, interactional, technocratic, or natural program happens; the power ratio almost balance. - But, if the program done through indoctrination, socialization only, coersion, or even emultion; the power ratio is imbalance.

PEMBERDAYAAN APARAT
Supaya lebih mampu & Responsip Akomodatif

PEMBERDAYAAN RAKYAT

Supaya lebih mampu & Proaktif Aspiratif

INTERAKTIF DIALOGIS

PERAN ADVOKASI & FASILITASI (Misal oleh UNDP, WB, Unicef, dll)

Mekanisme Pendanaan

PENGEMBANGAN MASYARAKAT

OTONOMI DAERAH 1

APARAT YANG SEMAKIN Responsif Akomodatif FIELD BASED ANALYSIS (FBA) Hak Kewajiban

KUALITAS KUANTITAS 2a

IPM 2B

CRITICAL OPTION
PELAYANAN 3a PARTISIPASI 3B
STRATEGI PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT & APARAT

MASYARAKAT YANG SEMAKIN Proaktif Aspiratif FIELD BASED ANALYSIS (FBA) Aspek Manajerial

MODEL PERENCANAAN & PENGENDALIAN TINGKAT DESA (DARI, OLEH, & UNTUK MASYARAKAT)