Project ??

A project is a series of activities directed to accomplishment of a desired objective.

Characteristic of a Project

A unique, one-time operational activity or effort Large number of interrelated activities Established to achieve specific objective Resources are limited Typically has its own Organisational structure

Needs leadership

Projects involving few activities, resources, constraints and inter-relationship can be visualized easily by the human mind and planned

informally.

When a project crosses a certain threshold level of size and complexity, informal planning has to

be substituted by formal planning.

SCHEDULING

In

SCHEDULING according

the to

execution of project is detailed work sequence and this

forms the basis of day to

day action.

Scheduling Techniques
In projects

Gantt chart Network Analysis

CPM PERT

GANTT CHART
A Gantt chart is a Bar chart.

Gantt chart is a list of activities with the start and finish of each activity shown as a bar plotted to a time scale.
It represent Work Breakdown Structure ( WBS) of a project.

GANTT CHART

Reasons for Popularity

Easy to draw Easy to understand Senior executives likes to be briefed in a minimum possible time. Summary of tens of activities can be depicted by one bar. Easy to change. Least complex means of reporting project progress.

Network analysis
Network analysis is the general

name given to certain specific

techniques which can be used for

the planning, management and

control of projects.

History

Developed in 1950s CPM by DuPont for chemical plants PERT by U.S. Navy for Polaris missile

CPM was developed by Du Pont and the emphasis was on the

trade-off between the cost of the project and its overall completion time

PERT was developed by the US Navy for the planning and control of
the Polaris missile program and the emphasis was on completing the program in the shortest possible time.

Network Diagram
Network diagram is a cluster diagram represents activity and event by arrow and nodes.
Activity Is a task that must be performed. Event Is a mile stone marking the completion of one or more activities.

CPM / PERT
CPM
Activity on Node Single time estimate No probabilities are considered Used in repetitive nature of job where time estimate can be predicted

PERT
Activity on Arrow Multiple time estimate Probabilities are considered Used in non-repetitive jobs where time estimates are uncertain.

Network diagramTerminology
Arrows Nodes
An arrow leads from tail to head directionally A node is represented by a circle

Dummy Activity It indicates only precedence relationship & does not require any time
Activity-on-Node (AON)

Nodes represent activities, and arrows show precedence relationships

Activity-on-arrow (AOA) Arrows represent activities and nodes are events for points in time Contd.

Network diagramTerminology
Critical Path It is the longest path on the Network

Critical Activities All activities on the critical path

Earliest Start Time (ES) Earliest time an activity can start

Earliest Finish time (EF) Earliest time an activity can finish

Latest Start Time (LS) Latest start time an activity can start without delaying critical path time

Latest Finish time (LF) Latest finish time an activity can be completed without delaying critical path time
Contd..

Network diagramTerminology
FLOAT It is the maximum amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the critical path. Float = LS-ES = LF-EF

Crashing Reducing project time by deploying additional resources

Crash time An amount of time as activity is reduced.

AOA Project Network for House

Lay foundation

3
2 1 0

Dummy Build house Finish work

3 Design house and obtain financing

Order and receive materials

4
Select paint

3 1 1

6
Select carpet

AON Project Network for House

Lay foundations Build house

2 2 Start 1 3
Design house and obtain financing

4 3

Finish work

7 1 5 1 6 1
Select carpet
18

3 1

Order and receive darla/smbs/vit Select paint materials

Situations in network diagram

A

A must finish before either B or C can start C

A C B A B A C D B Dummy C both A and B must finish before C can start

both A and B must finish before either of C or

D can start

A must finish before B can start both A and C must finish before D can start

Concurrent Activities
Lay foundation

3
Lay foundation Dummy 2 1 Order material (b) Correct precedence relationship 0

3 2

Order material

(a) Incorrect precedence relationship

EXERCISE

A Sample Set of Project Activities and Precedences

Task
a b c d e f g

Predecessor
--a b b c, d e

Sample AON Network

STEP 1

Sample AON Network..

STEP 2

A Completed Sample AON Network

LAST STEP

Sample AOA Network

STEP 1

Sample AOA Network

STEP 2

Completed Sample AOA Network

Computer Software for Project Management

Microsoft Project (Microsoft Corp.) MacProject (Claris Corp.) PowerProject (ASTA Development Inc.) Primavera Project Planner (Primavera) Project Scheduler (Scitor Corp.) Project Workbench (ABT Corp.)

Once Santa & Banta were travelling along with their friends Monty & Jaggi. On a road surrounded by forests on both sides, their car was attacked by robbers. Santa & his friends were pulled out of the car. The robbers blasted the car and took Santa, Banta and their friends in the middle of the forest where their boss was residing. Now, this boss was fond of jokes. So, he put the condition that whoever tells a joke that makes every single person laugh should be left unharmed and alive, but if one single person doesn't laugh then the joke-teller would be shot to death. Banta started telling the funniest joke he had ever heard, "One day........." and when he was finished, everybody were falling with laughter except Santa. So according to the vow, the boss shot poor Banta. Now, it was the turn of Monty. He also told the best joke he had ever heard. Again everybody laughed including the boss & his robbers, but still Santa was quite as a statue. So the boss shot him. Then came Jaggi. As he opened his mouth to tell the joke, Santa suddenly burst into laughter. Everyone was puzzled. Santa was laughing madly. The boss asked him, "Why the hell are you laughing without hearing the joke?"

Santa said laughing and giggling, "Oh! How funny Banta's joke was!

WORK BREAK DOWN SCHEDULE

WBS represents systematic and logical breakdown of Project WBS is a task oriented family tree Lowest level of WBS is Work Package. At this level work is assigned ; time duration & cost is estimated

WBS reflects true Project Completion Status

WBS: STRUCTURE
Level 1 The top-most level of WBS is single task which is the project Level 2 This depends on the type of the project Number of WBS Levels Too many levels make the control and execution of project difficult Too few levels will not allow proper assignments and control. Decompose the task upto Work Package level
MPCS

WBS ILLUSTRATION
WATER TREATMENT PLANT

AREATOR

FLASH MIXER

CLARIFLOCULATOR

FILTER HOUSE

SUMP & PH

DESIGN & DRG

CIVIL WORKS

MECHANICAL WORKS

E&I WORKS

Earthwork

Concreting

Finishing

Reinforcement

Shuttering

concreting

PERT
A
3/5/9 Task 1

4/5/12 Task 2

7/9/15 Task 3

Pessimistic time :9 +12+15 = 36 days Optimistic time :3+4+7 =14 days Most likely time : (3+4*5 +9)/6+(4+4*5+12)/6 + (7+4*9+15)/6 = 21 days

CPM
A
5

Task 1

Task 2

9 Task 3

Time Required : 5 +5+9 = 19 days

Draw Network Diagram for below mentioned activities

Task
a b c d e f g

Predecessor
--a b b c, d e

Vajpayee, Musharraf, Madhuri Dixit and Jayalalitha are travelling in a train. The train suddenly goes thru a tunnel and it gets completely dark. Suddenly there is a kissing sound and then a slap. The train comes out of the tunnel. Jayalalitha and Vajpayee are sitting there looking confused. Musharraf is bent over holding his face, which is red from an apparent slap. All of them remain diplomatic and nobody says anything. Jayalalitha is thinking: -These Pakistanis are all crazy after Madhuri. Musharraf must have tried to kiss her in the tunnel. Very proper that she slapped him. Madhuri is thinking: -Musharaf must have moved to kiss me, and kissed Jayalalitha instead and got slapped.

Musharraf is thinking: -Damn it, Vajpayee must have tried to kiss Madhuri, she thought it was me and slapped me.
Vajpayee is thinking: -If this train goes through another tunnel, I could make another kissing sound and slap Musharraf again ...

Laloo Yadav's car is driving along a back country road on the way back to Patna, when all of a sudden a piglet jumps out in front of the car. The piglet dies on the spot. Laloo, upset, tells the chauffeur to go find the owner of the piglet so that he can pay the damages. The driver is gone for two hours and when he comes back, he has a bag full of money, and a wondering look on his face. Laloo wants to know what happened. The driver tells him "Hum jab gaanv me pahuncha to dekha kuchh log ped ke niche baithe hain. Jub hum unko bataya ki kya hua hai, tab sare log jama ho gaye. Humko laga ki aaj to hamari pitayee hogee. Par hum dekha ki sare log paisa jama kar rahe hain. Hum socha ki ye sara piasa wo janvar ke malik ke liye hai. Par un logo ne saara paisa hamein de diya. Laloo says "Sasoor ka natee, Theek theek batao. Tum unko kya bola tha?" The driver replies "Hum kaha ki hum Laloo Yadav ka driver hoon aur hum sooar ka bachcha ko maar diya ho

The Polaris missile was a two-stage solid-fuel nucleararmed submarine launched ballistic missile (SLBM) built for the US Navy. This missile was tested on 7th Jan 1960

A submarine is a Ship capable of independent operation below the surface of the water