UNIVERSITY OF HORMUUD

SATELLITE AND MOBILE

COMMUNICATIONS

Lecture One:
Wireless Communication System From Past to
the Future
 Introduction
The Ability to communicate with the people on the
Move was since Guglielmo Marconi first
demonstrated radios ability to provide continues
with ships sailing the English channel.
That was in 1897, and since then new wireless
communication methods and services have been
adopted by people throughout the world.
Currently , Digital switching techniques have
facilitated the Large scale deployment of reasonable
, easy -to use radio communication networks.
2
 History
1897: Marconi Radio transmission to a tugboat over 18 miles
path.
1901: Marconi Cross Atlantic Transmission over 1800 miles path.
1960s & 1970s: Bell laboratories - invented the first mobile radio
system.
Introduced in 1946
Improvements made in mid 1960s
In 1976, New York City network could support 12 channels,
supporting 543 paying customers.
1983: First analog cellular system deployed in Chicago
Late 1980s: Explosive growth of 1G.
1990s: Development of 2G.
2000s: 3G.
3 2009: 4G
4
 The US Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) approved the first commercial car-borne
5 telephony service in 1946, operated by AT & T.
 What is Wireless Communication ?
Transmitting/receiving voice and data using
electromagnetic waves in open space.
The information from sender to receiver is
carrier over a well-defined frequency band (
channel).
Each channel has a fixed frequency
bandwidth and Capacity ( bit-rate)
Different channels can be used to transmit
information in parallel.
6
 Why Wireless Communication..(1)
Freedom from wires:
No cost of installing wires or rewiring
No bunches of wires running here and there
Auto Magical instantaneous communications
without physical connection setup, e.g. Bluetooth,
Wi-Fi
Global Coverage
Communications can reach where wiring is
infeasible or costly, e.g., rural area, old buildings,
battlefield, vehicles, outer space ( through
Communication Satellites)
7
 Why Wireless Communication..(2)
Stay Connected
Roaming allows flexibility to stay connected anywhere
and any time.
Rapidly growing market attests to public need for
mobility and uninterrupted access.
Flexibility
Services reach you wherever you go ( Mobility). E.g, you
dont have to go to you lab to check you mail.
Connect to multiple devices simultaneously ( no physical
connection required).

8
 Why Wireless Communication..(2)
Increasing dependence on
telecommunication services for business and
personal reasons
Consumers and businesses are willing to pay
for it.

9
 Challenges of wireless communication (1)
Efficient Hardware
Low power Transmitters, Receivers
Low power Signal Processing Tools
Efficient use of finite radio spectrum
Cellular frequency reuse, medium access control
protocols,
Integrated Services
Voice, data, multimedia over a single network
Service differentiation, priorities, resource
sharing,
10
 ChallengesMultimedia Requirements
Voice Data Video

Delay <100 ms - <1000ms

Packet loss <1% 0 <1%

10-3 10-6 10-6

BER

Traffic Continuous Bursty Continuous

11
 Challenges of wireless communication (2)
Network support for user mobility ( mobile scenarios)
Location identification, handover,
Maintaining quality of service over unreliable links
Connectivity and coverage ( internetworking)
Cost efficiency
Fading and Multipath
Higher probability of data corruption
Hence, need for stronger channel codes
Need for stronger Security mechanisms
Privacy, authentication,.

12
 Basic Notations
Mobile describes any radio terminal that could be
moved during operation (e.g., A cellular phone in a fast
moving vehicle or handheld unit used by a pedestrian).
Portable Describes a radio terminal that can be hand-
held and used by someone at walking speed (e.g., cordless
telephone).
Subscriber - Mobile or portable user. Each user pays a
subscription fee to use the system. Mobile radio
transmission system may be classified as simplex, half
duplex and full duplex.

14
 Mobile Radio Transmission Systems
SIMPLEX
Communication in one direction (e.g. broadcast radio,
TV, paging systems).
uses one channel
HALF DUPLEX
Communication in both direction but not at the same
time (e.g. wakie-talkies or Citizen Band (CB)-radio).
uses one channel
FULL DUPLEX
Simultaneous two-way communication (e.g. telephone
or cellular radio).
uses two channels.
15
16
 Duplex Techniques
Methods for separating channels of different
directions
Divide forward (downlink) and reverse (uplink)
communication channels on the same
physical medium

Two methods:
FDD: Frequency-Division Duplex.
TDD: Time-Division Duplex.

17
 Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD):

FDD supports two-way radio communication by using two

distinct radio channels.
One frequency channel is transmitted downstream from
the BS to the MS (forward channel).
A second frequency is used in the upstream direction and
supports transmission from the MS to the BS (reverse
channel).
Because of the pairing of frequencies, simultaneous
transmission in both directions is possible. To mitigate
self-interference between upstream and downstream
transmissions, a minimum amount of frequency separation
18
must be maintained between the frequency pair.
 Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
TDD uses a single frequency band to transmit
signals in both the downstream and upstream
directions.

TDD operates by toggling transmission

directions over a time interval.

This toggling takes place very rapidly and is

imperceptible to the user.

19
 FDD vs TDD

Figure 1.4: (a) Frequency division Duplexing and (b) time division
Duplexing
20
 FDD vs TDD
FDD can be used in both analog and digital system, but
TDD can only be used in digital system.
FDD is more efficient for symmetric traffics, while TDD
is good for asynchronous traffics (data rates of two
directions are different).
FDD needs a duplexer hardware but TDD does not.
FDD is easier for radio planning since no interference
among base stations. But TDD require complex
synchronization among base stations.
Downside: FDD needs guard band. TDD needs switching
time, has latency, and is more complex.
TDD has been used for indoor or small area wireless
21
applications.
 Wireless Communications

22
 Types of Wireless Communications
Mobile
Cellular Phone
WiMax (IEEE 802.16e)
Portable
Cordless Phones
Wi-Fi/WLAN (IEEE 802.11b/g/n)
Bluetooth, UWB (IEEE 802.15.3), NFC
Fixed
U-NII Band (IEEE 802.11a)
WiMax (IEEE 802.16d)
Microwave Point-to-Point
Satellite
23
 Wireless Communications

24
 Types of Wireless Transmission..(1)
Radio Transmission
Easily generated, omni-directionally travel long distance,
easily penetrate buildings
Problems
Frequency-dependent
Relative low bandwidth for data communication
Tightly licensed by the government
Microwave Transmission
Widely used for long distance communication
Gives a high S/N ratio, relatively inexpensive
Problems
Dont pass throuth buildings well
Weather and frequency-dependent

25
 Types of Wireless Transmission..(2)
Infrared and Millimeter Waves
Widely used for short-range communication
Unable to pass through solid objects
Used for indoor wireless LANs, not for outdoors
Ligthwave Transmission
Unguided optical signal, such as laser
Connect two LANs in two building via laser mounted
on their roof
Unidirectional, easy to install, dont require license
Problems:
Unable to penetrate rain or thick fog
26 Laser beam can be easily diverted by turbulent air
 Simplified Wireless Communication
System Representation

27
 The Wireless Landscape

28
 Wireless Technologies

29
30
 Cellular Networks
Modern cellular telephone network

Built around the concept of low power transmitters

With each cell handling a number of users

Transmission towers are spread throughout a

geographical area
The same radio frequency channels can be reused by
another tower
Located a few miles away to avoid interference
Maximizes the use of a limited range of
frequency channels
31
32
 Notations of Cellular Systems
PSTN
Public switched telephone network
Almost entirely digital now, convergent with Internet
MSC
Mobile switching center (MSC) is sometimes called a
mobile telephone switching office (MTSO)
Manage communication between mobile phones and
PSTN
Functions: deliver calls to subscribers, connecting calls
to mobile subscribers or PSTN, arranging handovers
from BS to BS and from MSC to other MSCs,
collecting billing information.

33
 Channel types in cellular system
Control channel: transmit control information about a
call.
Forward Control Channel (Downlink): used for
transmission from BS to MS
Reverse Control Channel (Uplink): used for
transmission from MS to BS
Traffic Channel: transmit traffic information
Forward traffic (traffic or information) channel
Reverse traffic (traffic or information) channel

34
 Main channels in a cell

35
 Fixed Broadband Wireless
Wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN)
Covers a distance of up to 35 miles
Based on the IEEE 802.16 Fixed Broadband Wireless
standard
Uses small custom antennas on the roof of each building
Transmission speeds
75 Mbps at distances of up to 4 miles (6.4 km)
17 to 50 Mbps at distances over 6 miles (10 km)
Scalable system capacity
Easy addition of channels maximizes cell capacity
Flexible channel bandwidths accommodate
allocations for both licensed and license-exempt
36 spectrums
 802.16 Architecture( WIMAX)

37
 Wireless Local Area Networks
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
Extension of a wired LAN
Connecting to it through a device called a wireless
access point
Access point (AP)
Relays data signals between all of the devices in the
network
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
standards
802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g
Each computer on the WLAN has a wireless network
interface card (NIC)
With an antenna built into it.

38
 WLAN STANDARD

39
 WLAN Frequency Bands

40
 WLAN APPLICATIONS

41
 Wireless Local Area Networks

42
 WLAN Mode: Ad Hoc Mode

43
 WLAN Mode: Infrastructure Mode

44
 Paging Systems
Paging systems are communication systems that send brief
messages to a subscriber...
Numeric messages
Voice message
News headlines
Stock quotes
Broadcast short paging message simultaneously from many tall
base stations or satellites, with high power
Transmitter side: high complexity, high power, good penetration
Receiver side: low complexity, low power, low cost
One way transmission (simplex)
Message broadcast from all base stations
Overtaken by cellular
45
 Paging Systems: Wide Area System

46
 Advantages of Wireless Networking
Mobility
Freedom to move about without being tethered by wires
Permits many industries to shift toward an increasingly
mobile workforce
Gives team-based workers the ability to access the
network resources
Easier and less expensive installation
Installing network cabling in older buildings can be a
difficult, slow, and costly task
Makes it easier for any office to be modified with new
cubicles or furniture
47
 Advantages of Wireless Networking
Increased reliability
Network cable failures may be the most common
source of network problems
Disaster recovery
In the event of a disaster, managers can quickly
relocate the office

48
 Disadvantages of Wireless Networking
Radio signal interference:
The potential for two types of signal interference exists
Security:
It is possible for an intruder to be lurking outdoors with a
notebook computer and wireless NIC
With the intent of intercepting the signals from a
nearby wireless network
Some wireless technologies can provide added levels of
security
Health risks:
High levels of RF can produce biological damage through
heating effects
Wireless devices emit low levels of RF while being
used
49
 Future Trends

50
 Future Trends

51
END