OPTICAL FIBER
Engr. Reymund P. Jamito
OPTICAL FIBER
• Optical fiber is flexible , transparent fiber made of silica
or plastic slightly thicker than a human hair
• It is a form guided or wired non conducting medium
• Its working is based on principle TOTAL INTERNAL
REFLECTION
• It permits transmission over longer distances and at a
higher bandwidth than the other forms of communication
OPTICAL FIBER
Core – a centre glass core through which light passes
Cladding – a protective or insulating metal coating
Coating- Silicon Coating
Strengthening fibers- to give extra strength to cladding
Cable Jacket – usually Kevlar is used for jacket because
of its extreme strength
OPTICAL FIBER
3 Essential Types of Optical Fiber
1. Plastic Core and Cladding
2. Glass Core and Plastic Cladding (called PCS fiber or plastic-clad silica)
3. Glass Core and Glass Cladding (called SCS or silica-clad silica)
OPTICAL FIBER
Plastic Core and Cladding
Advantages:
• More flexible and more rugged than glass
• Easier to install
• Can withstand stress
• Less expensive
• Weigh approximately 60% less than glass
OPTICAL FIBER
Plastic Core and Cladding
Disadvantages:
• High attenuation
• Do not propagate light efficiently as glass
• Limited in short runs (LANs)
OPTICAL FIBER
PCS (Plastic-Clas Silica)
Advantages:
• Have less attenuation
• Less affected by radiation, therefore, more attractive to
military applications.
• More immune to external interference.
• Slightly better than SCS
OPTICAL FIBER
PCS (Plastic-Clas Silica)
Disadvantages:
• Difficulty in connector application due to excessive plasticity in
cladding
• Difficulty in bonding
• Insolubility in organic solvents.
OPTICAL FIBER
SCS (Silica-Clad Silica)
Advantages:
• Have the best propagation characteristics
• Easier to terminate than PCS
Disadvantages:
• Least rugged
• More susceptible to increase attenuation when exposed in radiation
OPTICAL FIBER
Fiber Optic Communication Link
Source to
Input Coder or Light
Fiber
Signal Converter Source
Interface
The coder or converter is
a voltage to current Fiber to
Amplifier Light
Output converter that serves as Light
Decoder Detertor
an electric interface Interface
between the input and
circuitry and the light
source. It converts and
input signal voltage to
current that is used to
drive the light source.
OPTICAL FIBER
Fiber Optic Communication Link
Source to
Input Coder or Light
Fiber
Signal Converter Source
Interface
Either an Light
Infrared Light Fiber to
Amplifier
Output Light
Decoder or LED orDetertor
Injection Laser
Interface
Diode (ILD). The amount
of light emitted by either
LED or ILD is proportional
to the amount of drive
current.
OPTICAL FIBER
Fiber Optic Communication Link
Source to
Input Coder or Light
Fiber
Signal Converter Source
Interface
Fiber to
Amplifier Light
Output Light
Decoder Detertor
Interface
Couples light emitted by
the source into the
optical fiber
OPTICAL FIBER
Fiber Optic Communication Link
Source to
Input Coder or Light
Fiber
Signal Converter Source
Interface
A mechanical coupler that Fiber to
Amplifier Light
couples as much as light as
Output Light
Decoder Detertor
possible from the fiber cable Interface
intro the light detector.
OPTICAL FIBER
Fiber Optic Communication Link
Source to
Input Coder or Light
Fiber
Signal Converter Source
Interface
Converts light Fiber to
Amplifier Light
Output energy to Light
Decoder Detertor
current Interface
OPTICAL FIBER
Fiber Optic Communication Link
Source to
Input Coder or Light
Fiber
Signal Converter Source
Interface
Required to produce and
output voltage proportional
Fiber to
Amplifier Lightto the original source
Output Light
information. The current to
Decoder Detertor
Interface
voltage converter transforms
changes in detector current
to changes in voltage
OPTICAL FIBER
Extremely Wide Bandwidth System
Certain types of fiber optic system reaches up to 40 GHz of
bandwidth with no limit in sight.
While today’s application require an even-increasing amount
of bandwidth, it is important to consider space
Constraints of many end user.
OPTICAL FIBER
Longer Distances without repeaters
The low attenuation and superior integrity found in optical
system allow much longer intervals
Of signal transmission than metallic based systems. It is not
unusual for optical systems to go over 100 km
Or about 62 miles, with no active or passive processing.
OPTICAL FIBER
Immunity to cross talk
Fiber cables are not surrounded by a changing magnetic
field, which is primary cause of cross talk between metallic
conductors located physically close to each other
OPTICAL FIBER
Immunity to Static Interference
External noise does not affect energy at the frequency of light
Immune to every kind of electromagnetic noise, even lightning.
OPTICAL FIBER
Lower Signal Attenuation
Typical Attenuation figures of a 1GHz bandwidth are 0.03db
per 100 ft. Compared to 4.0 db for both
RG-58/U coaxial cable and an x-bandwidth guide.
OPTICAL FIBER
Other Advantages of Optical Fiber
• High Carrying Capacity
• Light Weight and Smaller Size
• Lower Cost
• Conservation of Earth’s Resources
• Safety and Convenience
• Environmental Immunity
• Security
• Interfacing Cost
• Strength
OPTICAL FIBER
Optical fiber are more susceptible due to Bending
Bending the cables causes irregularities in the cable
dimensions, resulting in a loss of signal power
OPTICAL FIBER
Specialized tools, Equipment and Training
Optical fiber cables require special tools to splice and repair
cables and special test equipments to make routine
measurements.
Difficult to locate faults in optical cables because there is no
electrical continuity.
