Constructors

and
Destructors
 Constructors
• A constructor is a special member function whose
task is to initialize the objects of its class.
• It is special because its name is same as the class
name.
• The constructor is invoked whenever an object of its
associated class is created.
• It is called constructor because it constructs the
values of data members of the class.
 Constructor - example
class add • When a class contains a
{ constructor, it is guaranteed
int m, n ; that an object created by the
public : class will be initialized
add (void) ; automatically.
------
}; • add a ;
add :: add (void) • Not only creates the object a
{ of type add but also initializes
m = 0; n = 0; its data members m and n to
zero.
}
 Constructors
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• There is no need to write any statement to invoke

the constructor function.
• If a ‘normal’ member function is defined for zero
initialization, we would need to invoke this
function for each of the objects separately.
• A constructor that accepts no parameters is
called the default constructor.
• The default constructor for class A is A : : A ( )
 Characteristics of Constructors
• They should be declared in the public section.

• They are invoked automatically when the objects

are created.

• They do not have return types, not even void and

they cannot return values.
 Characteristics of Constructors
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• They cannot be inherited, though a derived class

can call the base class constructor.

• Like other C++ functions, Constructors can have

default arguments.

• Constructors can not be virtual.

 Characteristics of Constructors
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• We can not refer to their addresses.

• An object with a constructor (or destructor) can

not be used as a member of a union.

• They make ‘implicit calls’ to the operators new

and delete when memory allocation is required.
 Constructors
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• When a constructor is declared for a class

initialization of the class objects becomes
mandatory.
 Parameterized Constructors
• It may be necessary to initialize the various data
elements of different objects with different
values when they are created.

• This is achieved by passing arguments to the

constructor function when the objects are
created.

• The constructors that can take arguments are

called parameterized constructors.
 Parameterized Constructors
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class add • When a constructor is

{ parameterized, we must pass
int m, n ; the initial values as arguments
public : to the constructor function
add (int, int) ; when an object is declared.
------
}; • Two ways Calling:
add : : add (int x, int y) o Explicit
{ • add sum = add(2,3);
m = x; n = y; o Implicit
} • add sum(2,3)
• Shorthand method
 Multiple Constructors in a Class
• C + + permits to use more than one constructors in
a single class.

• Add( ) ; // No arguments

• Add (int, int) ; // Two arguments

 Multiple Constructors in a Class
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class add • The first constructor receives

{ no arguments.
int m, n ;
public :
add ( ) {m = 0 ; n = 0 ;} • The second constructor
add (int a, int b) receives two integer
{m = a ; n = b ;} arguments.
add (add & i)
{m = i.m ; n = i.n ;} • The third constructor receives
};
one add object as an
argument.
 Multiple Constructors in a Class
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class add • Add a1;

{ – Would automatically invoke the
int m, n ; first constructor and set both m
public : and n of a1 to zero.
add ( ) {m = 0 ; n = 0 ;} • Add a2(10,20);
add (int a, int b)
– Would call the second
{m = a ; n = b ;} constructor which will initialize
add (add & i) the data members m and n of a2
{m = i.m ; n = i.n ;} to 10 and 20 respectively.
};
 Multiple Constructors in a Class
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class add • Add a3(a2);

{ – Would invoke the third
int m, n ; constructor which copies the
public : values of a2 into a3.
add ( ) {m = 0 ; n = 0 ;} – This type of constructor is called
add (int a, int b) the “copy constructor”.
{m = a ; n = b ;} • Construction Overloading
add (add & i)
– More than one constructor
{m = i.m ; n = i.n ;} function is defined in a class.
};
 Multiple Constructors in a Class
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class complex • complex ( ) { }

{
float x, y ;
public : – This contains the empty body
complex ( ) { } and does not do anything.
complex (float a)
{x=y=a;}
complex (float r, float i) – This is used to create objects
{x=r;y=i} without any initial values.
------
};
 Multiple Constructors in a Class
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• C + + compiler has an implicit constructor which

creates objects, even though it was not defined in
the class.
• This works well as long as we do not use any other
constructor in the class.
• However, once we define a constructor, we must
also define the “do-nothing” implicit constructor.
 Constructors with Default Arguments
• It is possible to define constructors with default
arguments.
• Consider complex (float real, float imag = 0);
– The default value of the argument imag is zero.
– complex C1 (5.0) assigns the value 5.0 to the real variable
and 0.0 to imag.
– complex C2(2.0,3.0) assigns the value 2.0 to real and 3.0
to imag.
class cube
{
int x, y, z;
public:
cube(int i=0, int j=0, int k=0)
{
x=i;
y=j;
z=k;
}
int volume()
{
return x*y*z;
}
};
int main()
{
clrscr();
cube a(2,3,4), b;
cout << [Link]() << endl;
cout << [Link]();
getch();
return 0;
 Constructors with Default Arguments
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• A::A()  Default constructor

• A : : A (int = 0)  Default argument constructor

• The default argument constructor can be called with

either one argument or no arguments.
• When called with no arguments, it becomes a
default constructor.
 Dynamic Initialization of Objects

• Providing initial value to objects at run time.

• Advantage – We can provide various initialization

formats, using overloaded constructors.

This provides the flexibility of using

different format of data at run time
depending upon the situation.
 Copy Constructor

•A copy constructor is used to declare and initialize

an object from another object.

integer (integer & i) ;

integer I 2 ( I 1 ) ; or integer I 2 = I 1 ;
The process of initializing through a copy constructor
is known as copy initialization.
 Copy Constructor
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The statement
I 2 = I 1;
will not invoke the copy constructor.

If I 1 and I 2 are objects, this statement is legal and

assigns the values of I 1 to I 2, member-by-member.
 Copy Constructor
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• A reference variable has been used as an

argument to the copy constructor.

• We cannot pass the argument by value to a copy

constructor.
 Dynamic Constructors

• The constructors can also be used to allocate

memory while creating objects.

• This will enable the system to allocate the right

amount of memory for each object when the
objects are not of the same size.
 Dynamic Constructors
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• Allocation of memory to objects at the time of

their construction is known as dynamic
construction of objects.

• The memory is created with the help of the new

operator.
 Destructors

• A destructor is used to destroy the objects that

have been created by a constructor.

• Like constructor, the destructor is a member

function whose name is the same as the class
name but is preceded by a tilde.
eg: ~ integer ( ) { }
 Destructors
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• A destructor never takes any argument nor does it

return any value.

• It will be invoked implicitly by the compiler upon

exit from the program – or block or function as the
case may be – to clean up storage that is no longer
accessible.
 Destructors
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• It is a good practice to declare destructors in a

program since it releases memory space for
further use.

• Whenever new is used to allocate memory in the

constructor, we should use delete to free that
memory.
Thank You