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COP 3503 FALL 2012
SHAYAN JAVED
LECTURE 2
Programming Fundamentals using Java
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Introduction to Java
High-level language.
Paradigm: Object-Oriented.
WORA (“write-once, run anywhere”)
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Introduction to Java
Some languages are compiled (C/C++)
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Introduction to Java
Some languages are compiled (C/C++)
Some are interpreted (Python, Perl, Ruby, etc.)
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Introduction to Java
Some languages are compiled (C/C++)
Some are interpreted (Python, Perl, Ruby, etc.)
What about Java?
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Introduction to Java
Compilation and Interpretation
Source Bytecode Interpret
code (.java) (.class) and run
.java = compiled to .class
.class = interpeted by Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
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Java Syntax
Similar to C/C++.
Variables: byte, short, int, long, float, double, char,
boolean
Field Modifiers: final (“constant”) ,
static (applies to classes)
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Java Operators
Numerical: +, -, *, /, %
Boolean: >, <, <=, >=, ==, !=, !, instanceof
Others: ++, --,
Bitwise operators: & (AND),
^ (XOR),
| (OR),
<<, >> (shift)
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if statements
if (boolean-expression) {
…
}
else if (…) {
…
}
else {
…
}
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Conditional expression
boolean-expression ? expression1 : expression2
Example:
int x = 3;
int y = (x > 0) ? 1 : 5;
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switch statement
switch (byte/short/char/int/String/etc.) {
case x:
break;
case y: …..
break;
case …:
break;
default: …..
}
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Loops
while (boolean-expression) {
// do something
}
do {
// something
} while (boolean-expression);
Difference?
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Loops
for (expression1; boolean-expression; expression2) {
// do something
}
Example:
int i;
for (i = 0; i <= 10; i++)
i++; // Value of i?
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keyword break
break = used to “break out” of a loop.
Rest of the code is not executed.
int sum = 0;
int number = 0;
while (number < 20) {
number++;
sum += number;
if (sum > 100)
break;
}
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keyword continue
continue = used in loops.
Break out of current statement, but continue with the rest of the
loop.
int sum = 0;
int number = 0;
while (number < 20) {
number++;
if (number == 10)
continue;
sum += number;
}
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Methods
Program modularity.
Avoid redundant code! Use whenever possible
Methods can be “called”
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Methods
modifier returnValueType name (list of parameters) {
...
}
public static int max (int num1, int num2) {
if (num1 > num2)
return num1;
else
return num2;
}
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Methods - modifiers
public = can be called by any class
private = can only be called by the class
also protected (will look at it later)
default modifier ???
static = don’t require an “instance” of the class to call
the method.
[Link](...)
The Math class – [Link](), [Link](), etc.
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Methods
returnValueType = Can be primitive, class, etc.
Even void (nothing to return)
list of parameters = a list of primitives, classes,
etc. (or nothing)
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Recursion
Methods calling themselves
Write base case first! Otherwise might be stuck forever.
Classic example: Fibonacci numbers
Integer sequence: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21...
F(n) = F(n-1) + F(n-2) F(0) = 0, F(1) = 1
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Recursion
public int fibonacci (int n) {
if (n == 0 || n == 1) // base case(s)
return n;
else
return fibonacci (n-1) + fibonacci (n-2);
}
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Recursion
Later on we will look at recursion for other
algorithms (searching/sorting)
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Method overloading
Can have multiple methods with the same name.
Showed “max” method with ints
Write one with double:
public static double max (double num1, double num2) {
if (num1 > num2)
return num1;
else
return num2;
}
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Commenting
Single-line:
// This is a single-line comment
Multi-line:
/* This is going to be on
multiple lines */
Comment your code properly!
Very helpful – to you and others.
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Object-Oriented Programming
Paradigm which uses “objects” and “classes”.
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Object-Oriented Programming
Paradigm which uses “objects” and “classes”.
Used to represent real-life objects or concepts that
can be distinctly identified.
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Object-Oriented Programming
Paradigm which uses “objects” and “classes”.
Used to represent real-life objects or concepts that
can be distinctly identified.
Objects have properties, methods.
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Object-Oriented Programming
Paradigm which uses “objects” and “classes”.
Used to represent real-life objects or concepts that
can be distinctly identified.
Objects have properties, methods.
Interaction between objects.
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Object-Oriented Programming
Most modern languages support OOP
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Object-Oriented Programming
Most modern languages support OOP
Alternatives:
Procedural/Imperative ( C )
Functional (Lisp/PROLOG)
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Classes in Java
A template for objects of the same type.
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Classes in Java
A template for objects of the same type.
You create “objects” (or “instances”) of a class.
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Objects in Java
Unique identity, state and behavior.
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Objects in Java
Unique identity, state and behavior.
state (properties/attributes): Data fields and their
current values.
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Objects in Java
Unique identity, state and behavior.
state (properties/attributes): Data fields and their
current values.
behavior: The methods for that class
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Example
public Circle {
// Properties
private double radius;
// Constructors
public Circle() {
radius = 0.0;
}
public Circle(double radius) {
[Link] = radius;
}
// Methods
public double getArea() {
return radius * radius * [Link];
}
}
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Properties
// Properties
private double radius;
private = only accessible by that class directly.
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Properties
// Properties
private double radius;
private = only accessible by that class directly.
Not a good idea to have public properties (for
security reasons).
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Properties
// Properties
private double radius;
private = only accessible by that class directly.
Not a good idea to have public properties (for
security reasons).
What if another class needs to access/modify the
property?
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Properties
Add get/set methods:
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Properties
Add get/set methods:
public getRadius() {
return radius;
}
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Properties
Add get/set methods:
public getRadius() {
return radius;
}
public void setRadius(double radius) {
[Link] = radius;
}
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Properties
Add get/set methods:
public getRadius() {
return radius;
}
public void setRadius(double radius) {
[Link] = radius;
}
POINT OUT THE MISTAKE
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this keyword
Refers to the property of this specific class
Used to distinguish between similar-named
variables
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Constructors
// Constructors
// default constructor
public Circle() {
}
public Circle(double radius) {
[Link] = radius;
}
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Constructors
Special kind of method
Same name as the class
No return type (even void)
Used to initialize objects (using the new keyword)
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Constructors
Initialization example:
Circle circle1 = new Circle();
Circle circle2 = new Circle(4.5);
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Constructors
Should always provide a default constructor.
Does not take in any properties
Good idea to have multiple constructors and
default values
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Reference Variables
Objects accessed via reference variables.
Example from before:
Circle circle2 = new Circle(4.5);
circle2 = Reference variable used to access the object.
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Reference Variables
Can declare without initializing
Circle circle2; // What’s the value?
Initialize later:
circle2 = new Circle(4.5);
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Accessing properties/methods
[Link] // only if public!
[Link](...)
Example:
double radius = [Link];
double area = [Link]();
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Revisiting static
Variables in classes can be static
Associated with the class, rather than a specific
object.
Every object shares that variable
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Revisiting static
Example:
public class Student {
private String name;
public int ID;
private static int numberOfStudents = 0;
public Student(String name) {
[Link] = name;
[Link] = ++numberOfStudents;
}
}
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Revisiting static
Example:
Student student1 = new Student(“John”);
Student student2 = new Student(“Smith”);
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Revisiting static
Example:
Student student1 = new Student(“John”);
Student student2 = new Student(“Smith”);
[Link]([Link]); // Output?
[Link]([Link]); // Output?
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Revisiting static
Example:
Student student1 = new Student(“John”);
Student student2 = new Student(“Smith”);
[Link]([Link]); // Prints 1
[Link]([Link]); // Prints 2
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Summary
Creating classes
specifying properties, methods
reference variables, initialization
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Next lecture
Arrays (single and multi-dimensional)
Strings
Inheritance
