Chapter 1
Using Drawing Tools
& Applied Geometry
TOPICS
Preparation of Tools.
Using of Tools
Geometric Construction
Preparation of
Tools
Drawing Instruments are used to prepare neat and
accurate Drawings.
To a greater extent, the accuracy of the Drawings depend
on the quality of instruments used to prepare them. The
following is the list of Drawing Instruments and other
materials required. a) Drawing Board (Table)
b) T-square
c) Set Squares
d) Drawing Paper
e) Drawing Pencils
f) Drafting/Masking tape
g) Eraser
h) Protractor
i) Compass
j) French Curve
k) Template
l) scale
a) Drawing Board
b) T- Square
The working edge of T-square is used to draw
horizontal parallel lines, vertical lines or inclined lines
at 30°, 60o to the horizontal using set squares.
c) Set Squares :
They are triangular in shape with one corner, a right
angle triangle. A pair of set squares (30°–60°) and 45°.
They are used to draw lines at 30°, 60° and 45° to the
vertical and horizontal.
45 Set Square
30 60 Set Square
d) Drawing sheet:
They are available in many varieties and good quality
paper with smooth surface should be selected for
Drawings which are to be preserved for longer time. Sizes
of Drawing Sheets recommended
Drawing Sheet : Standard size
A4
A3
Standard sheet size A2
A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420 A1
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
A0
(Dimensions in millimeters)
e) Drawing Pencils
f) Drafting/Masking tape
Is used to fasten drawing paper on the board
g) Eraser
used to erase unwanted lines
h) Protractor:
Protractors are used to mark or measure angles between
0 and 180°. They are semicircular in shape (of diameter
100mm) and are made of Plastic or celluloid which has
more life.
i) Compass:
Compass is used for drawing circles and arcs of circles.
j) French Curve
is used to draw irregular curves
k) Template
used to draw repetitive features of a drawing
l) Drawing Scales : Designation
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follows
SCALE 1:1 for full size
SCALE X:1 (X > 1) for an enlargement scales
SCALE 1:X (X > 1) for a reduction scales
Drawing scale is commonly found in a title block.
Drawing Scales : Standard scale
Standard reducing scales are
1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100
Standard enlarging scales are
2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 50:1, 100:1
Fastening Paper to Drafting Board
1. Place the paper close to the table’s left edge.
2. Move the paper until its lower edge place about
the top edge of T-square.
Fastening Paper to Drafting Board
3. Align the top edge of the paper with T-square blade.
4. Attach the paper’s corners with tape.
Fastening Paper to Drafting Board
5. Move T-square down to smooth the paper.
6. Attach the remaining paper’s corners with tape.
Sharpening the Pencil
1. Remove the wood with penknife while expose a
lead about 8-10 mm.
2. Polish the lead into a conical shape with a
sandpaper.
3. Clean the lead with tissue paper.
Preparing the Compass
1. Sharpen the lead with a sandpaper.
2. Adjust the needle and the lead so that the tip of
the needle extends slightly more than the lead.
needle lead
Using the Tools
Function of the Tools
Tools Shape to be drawn
1. T-square Horizontal line
2. Triangles Inclined lines at
15 deg interval
3. Compass
Arc, Circle
4. Circle template
Draw a Horizontal Line
1. Press the T-square head against the left edge of the table.
2. Smooth the blade to the right.
Draw a Horizontal Line
3. Lean the pencil at an angle about 60o with the paper in the
direction of the line and slightly “toed in”.
4. Draw the line from left to right while rotating the pencil slowly.
Draw a Vertical Line
1. Set T-square as before. Place any triangle on T-square edge.
2. Slide your left hand to hold both T-square and triangle in
position.
Draw a Vertical Line
3. Lean the pencil to the triangle.
4. Draw the line upward while rotating the pencil slowly.
Draw a line at 45o with horizontal
1. Place 45o triangle on the T-square edge and press them
firmly against the paper.
2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.
Draw a line at angle 30o and 60o
1. Place 30o-60o triangle on the T-square edge and press
them firmly against the paper.
2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.
Draw a line at angle 75o
1. Place 30o-60o triangle on the T-square edge and Place 45o
triangle on the 30o-60o triangle
2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.
Using the Compass
1. Locate the center of the circle by two intersecting lines.
2. Adjust the distance between needle and lead to a distance
equal to radius of the circle.
3. Set the needle point at center.
Using the Compass
4. Start circle. Apply enough pressure to the needle,
holding compass handle between thumb and index fingers.
5. Complete circle.
circle Revolve handle clockwise.
How to Keep Your Drawing Clean
Do Don’t
