ECM426
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
CONCRETE
“AGGREGATES”
By
Dr Mohd Fadzil Arshad
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Mara
Malaysia
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lecture student will be
able to;
Describe and explain the basic
science and engineering
fundamentals pertaining to
characteristic of the constituents of
concrete (CO1-PO3)
Classified aggregate for making
concrete (CO1-PO3)
State and discuss on the properties
of aggregate use for making concrete
(CO2-PO3)
INTRODUCTION
TO
AGGREGATES
INTRODUCTION
"aggregate", is a broad category of coarse
particulate material used in construction,
including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag,
recycled concrete and geosynthetic
aggregates.
Aggregates are a component of
composite materials such as concrete and
asphalt concrete;
the aggregate serves as reinforcement to
add strength to the overall composite
material.
AGGREGATES IN CONSTRUCTION
Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value
as compared to most soils, aggregates are widely
used in drainage applications such as foundation and
French drains, septic drain fields, retaining wall
drains, and road side edge drains.
Aggregates are also used as base material under
foundations, roads, and railroads. To put it another
way, aggregates are used as a stable foundation or
road/rail base with predictable, uniform properties
(e.g. to help prevent differential settling under the
road or building), or as a low-cost extender that binds
with more expensive cement or asphalt to form
concrete.
AGGREGATES IN
CONCRETE
Aggregates (fine + coarse/gravel) used in
concrete (concrete aggregates) as filler
and generally occupies 60 % to 75 % of
the concrete volume
Fine aggregates originates of natural
sand or crushed stone with most particles
>75m (0.03in)(0.075mm) and <
4.75mm.
Coarse aggregates consist of gravels or
crushed aggregate or combination of both
with particles sizes > 4.75mm (3/16in)
and 50mm (2 in).
AGGREGATES IN
CONCRETE
Reduce cost of concrete
Well graded improve workability
Reduce heat of hydration
Reduce shrinkage.
Control surface hardness
Colour light reflecting properties
Control density
Control of fire
SOURCES FOR THESE BASIC MATERIALS
Sources for these basic materials can be
grouped into three main areas:
a)Mining of mineral aggregate deposits,
including sand, gravel, and stone;
b)Use of waste slag from the manufacture of
iron and steel;
c)Recycling of concrete, which is itself chiefly
manufactured from mineral aggregates.
In addition, there are some (minor) materials
that are used as specialty lightweight
aggregates: clay, pumice, perlite, and
vermiculite.
SOURCES OF AGGREGATES
Natural gravel and sand are usually dug or dredged
from a pit, river, lake, or seabed
Aggregates derived from
Igneous rocks-formed on cooling of the magma-e.g
granite, basalt- they are hard, tough and strong-
excellent aggregates
Sedimentary rocks - Stratified rock - e.g limestone,
sandstone-excellent to poor aggregates
Metamorphic rocks- Igneous or sedimentary rock
that have changed their original structure, crystal
structure or mineralogy composition due to physical
and chemical conditions below the earth surface
(high temp and pressure) – e.g marble, schist, slate
– excellent to poor
Crushed aggregate is produced by crushing quarry
rock, boulders, cobbles, or large size gravel
JAW & CONE CRUSHING
PLANT
JAW & IMPACT CRUSHING
PLANT
GENERAL
CLASSIFICATIO
N
OF
AGGREGATES
CLASSIFICATION OF
AGGREGATES
Classifications of concrete aggregates are
based on the mixture of rocks and minerals.
Igneous rocks-formed on cooling of the magma-e.g
granite, basalt- they are hard, tough and strong-
excellent aggregates
Sedimentary rocks - Stratified rock - e.g limestone,
sandstone-excellent to poor aggregates
Metamorphic rocks- Igneous or sedimentary rock
that have changed their original structure, crystal
structure or mineralogy composition due to
physical and chemical conditions below the earth
surface (high temp and pressure) – e.g marble,
schist, slate – excellent to poor
CLASSIFICATION OF
AGGREGATES
Classifications of concrete aggregates are based
on the density.
Generally aggregates classified into three:
a) Normal Aggregates
b) Heavyweight Aggregates
c) Lightweight Aggregates
Classifications of concrete aggregates are based
on the particle size
a) Gravels
b) Coarse aggregates
c) Fine aggregates
d) Quarry dust
CLASSIFICATION OF
AGGREGATES
Classifications of concrete
aggregates are based on the
particle size
a) Gravels
b) Coarse aggregates
c) Fine aggregates
d) Quarry dust
The aggregates can be crush or
un-crush
Coarse aggregate
are materials retained on 5 mm
BS410 test sieve.
can be classified into three
categories :
- uncrushed
- crushed
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES
Fine Aggregate
Is a material which passed through a
5 mm BS 410 test sieve.
Sand is generally considered to have a
lower size limit of about 0.07 mm,
material between 0.06 mm and
0.002 mm is classified as silt, and
smaller particles are called clay.
FINE AGGREGATE
River sand coral sand
mining sand Quarry dust
DENSITY OF
AGGREGATES
RELATIVE DENSITY
it is defined as the ratio of the
aggregate’s unit weight to that of
water mix design.
it is important factor affecting the
density of the resulting concrete.
DENSITY OF AGGREGATES
Appearance relative density =
mass of dry aggregates/solid volume of
aggregate
Saturated surface dry relative density =
(mass of aggregate + water in pores)/
volume of aggregates including pores
Oven dry relative density =
mass of dry aggregates/ volume of
aggregate including pores
NORMAL AGGREGATES
Gravels,sand, normal
crushed stones.
Bulk S.G = 2.2-2.4,
Bulk density = 2200 to 2400
kg/m3,
Most commonly used
Heavy/High Density Aggregate
having high specific gravity ranges
from 2.8 to 2.9 and bulk density from
2,800 to 2,900 kg/m3.
i.e magnetite, hematite and barytes.
are not suitably graded.
HEAVYWEIGHT AGGREGATES
crushed stones e.g. limestone, dolomite and
granite. Bulk Density >2080kg/m3
Specific gravity range 2.8 – 2.9
Unit weight range 2800 – 2900
kg/m^3
Use in concrete of compressive
strength about 20 –21 N/mm^2.
Cement aggregate ratio 1.5 – 1.9
W/C between 0.5 – 0.65
Lightweight aggregate
a particle density of less than 2,000 kg/m3.
subdivided into two groups :
- natural
i.e (pumice, foamed lava, porous
limestone)
- artificial
i.e (fly ash, steel slag, sintered slate)
LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES
Natural or manufactured e.g
pumice, scoria, pearlite, Bulk
Density < 1120kg/m3
Density < 2000 kg/m^3
or dry loose density <
1200 kg /m ^3.
Can be subdivided :
Natural occurring
materials
Eg pumice, foamed lava ,
volcanic tuff
Natural occurring
materials which require
processing
Eg expanded clay, shale,
slate, perlite, vermiculite
Industrial by product
Eg. Sintered fuel ash,
sintered slate, expanded
blast furnace slag
CHARACTERIST
ICS OF
AGGREGATES
CHARACTERISTICS OF AGGREGATES
FOR CONCRETE
Generally aggregate used
in concrete must be :
a)Clean
b)Hard and strong
c)Properly shaped
d)Well graded.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AGGREGATES
FOR CONCRETE
The required
characteristic of
aggregates includes:
a)Chemical stability
b)Abrasion resistant
c)Resistant to freezing and
thawing
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATE
Strength
Deformation/modulus of elasticity
Toughness
Hardness
Volume change
Porosity
Relative density
Strength of Aggregate
Commonly the strength of aggregate
is in the range of 70 to 360 N/mm2.
Igneous rock are much stronger than
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
Strength of Aggregate
The strength can be determined by :
Aggregate crushing value (ACV)
Aggregate impact value (AIV)
Ten percent fines value
DEFORMATION/MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY
Can be determined by running the
compression test on specimen from
the parent rock.
Modulus of elasticity of concrete
increases with the increase of
aggregate modulus.
Toughness of Aggregate
Defined as resistance to failure by impact.
Determined by Aggregate Impact Test.
Important for concrete used in road
pavement.
Hardness
defined as resistance of an aggregate
to wear, load or applied pressure.
determined by an abrasion test.
important for concrete used in road
pavement
Volume Change
change in the volume of the aggregate.
it is due to moisture movements in
aggregates.
may result in a considerable shrinkage
of the concrete.
Porosity of aggregate
porosity of aggregate contributes to
the overall porosity of concrete.
Porosity = 100 WGs / (W+100) %
where :
W is the water absorption (%)
Gs is the specific gravity on SSD
Shape and Surface Texture
Shape and surface texture of aggregates
can affect the properties of concrete.
The external characteristics can be
assessed by observation.
Particle Shape Classification
(BS 812 : Part 1 : 1975)
Classification Description Shapes
Rounded Fully water-worn or River or seashore
completely shaped gravel, desert,
by attrition seashore and wind-
blown sand.
Irregular Naturally irregular or Other gravels, land
partly shaped by or dug flint
attrition and having
rounded edges
Flaky Material which the Laminated rock
thickness is small
relative to the other
two dimensions
Particle Shape Classification (cont’d)
(BS 812 : Part 1 : 1975)
Classification Description Shape
Angular Possessing well-defined Crushed rocks of all
edges formed at the types, talus, crushed
intersection of roughly slag.
planar faces
Elongated Material usually angular, -
in which the length is
considerably larger than
the other two dimensions
Flaky and Material having the -
elongated length considerably
larger than the width,
considerably larger than
the thickness
Source : Neville, A.M. (2002). Properties of Concrete, Prentice Hall,
Surface Texture of Aggregates
Classification Description Examples
Glassy Conchoidal Fracture Black Flint, Vitreous
Slag
Smooth Water-worn, or Gravels, chert,
smooth due to the slate, marble, some
fracture of laminated rhyolites
or fine-grained rock
Granular Fracture showing Sandstones, oolite
more or less uniform
rounded grains
Source : Neville, A.M. (2002). Properties of Concrete, Prentice Hall,
England
Water Absorption of Aggregate
(BS 812, ASTM C 127, EN 1097-6)
Water absorption of aggregate
as the weight of water absorbed
by an oven dry aggregate in
reaching the saturated and
surface dry condition.
is expressed as percentage of
the weight of the dry aggregate.
Water Absorption of Aggregate
(cont’d)
it is determined by measuring the increase in
weight of an oven dry sample immersed in
water for 24 hours and weighed at a saturated
and surface dry condition.
Moisture content
is expressed as a percentage of the
weight increased of the saturated
surface dry aggregate.
water absorption represent the water
contained in the aggregate in the SSD
condition.
Moisture content
moisture content is the water in
excess of that, the total water content
of a moist aggregate is equal to the
sum of absorption and moisture
content.
Four (4) conditions of moisture content
Wet and damp Air dry
Moisture
Aggregate
Saturated and surface dry
Oven dry or bone dry
AGGREGATE
S
GRADING OF AGGREGATE
can have considerable effect on the
workability and stability of concrete
mix.
The particle size distribution of
aggregate should be such that the
smaller particles fill the voids
between the larger particles.
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
Unpacked and Uneconomic Dense and
loose strong
GRADING CURVE
(DERIVED FROM BS 882)
WHAT HAPPEN IF THE GRADING CURVE
…
Lower than the specified grading
curve, the aggregate is coarser and
segregation of mix might take place.
Lies well above the specified curve,
the aggregate is finer and more water
will be required, thus increasing the
cement content.
WHAT HAPPEN IF THE GRADING CURVE
…. (CONT’D)
is steeper than the specified, it
indicates an excess of middle-size
particles and leads to harsh mix.
is flatter than the specified grading
curve, the aggregate will be deficient
in middle size particles.
DURABILITY
AND
DELETERIOUS
SUBSTANCES
IN
AGGREGATES
DELETERIOUS SUBSTANCES IN
AGGREGATES
Deleterious substance is refer to the
clay, silt, decayed vegetable, salt,
unsound particles, etc. contained with
the aggregates supplied.
This deleterious substance when used
in concrete will influence the
properties, quality and durability
(during fresh and harden state)of
concrete produced.
DELETERIOUS SUBSTANCES IN
AGGREGATES
Clay content will decrease the bond between
aggregate and cement
Slit will requires additional water for given
workability
Organic impurities may acidic that reduces
the alkalinity of cement paste and influence
the hydration of cement, affect setting time
and strength.
Soluble salt in marine aggregate cause
corrosion
Unsound aggregates contain reactive
aggregate cause alkali silica reaction
RECYCLE CONCRETE
AGGREGATE
RECYCLE CONCRETE
AGGREGATE
