Decision
IF
STATEMENTS
& RELATIONAL
OPERATORS
Control Structures
Statements can be executed in sequence
One right after the other
No deviation from the specified sequence
Decision
A mechanism for deciding whether an action should be taken
Conditional Statements
A conditional statement allows us to control whether a program
segment is executed or not.
Two constructs
if statement
if
if-else
if-else-if
switch statement
Flow Chart Symbols
Start or stop
Process
Flow line
Continuation mark
Decision
The Basic if Statement
One Way Selection
Syntax
if(condition)
action false
condition
if the condition is true then
execute the action. true
action is either a
action
statement
single or a group of
statements within braces.
If Statement
One Way Selection
If condition is true
statements
If Ali’s height is greater then 6 feet
Then
Ali can become a member of the Basket
Ball team
Flow Chart for if statement
Entry point for IF block
IF
Condition
Then
Process
Exit point for IF block
Note indentation from left to right
If Statement in C +
+
If (condition)
statement ;
Choice (if)
Put multiple action statements
within braces
if (it's raining){
<take umbrella>
<wear raincoat>
}
If Statement in C++
If ( condition )
{
statement1 ;
statement2 ;
:
}
Compound (Block of) Statements
Syntax:
{
statement1
statement2
.
.
.
statementn
}
12
If statement in C++
if (age1 > age2)
cout<<“Student 1 is older
than student 2” ;
Absolute Value
// program to read number & print its absolute value
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int value;
cout << "Enter integer: ";
cin >> value;
if(value < 0)
value = -value;
cout << "The absolute value is " << value << endl;
return 0;
}
if Statement in
Program
Continued…
if Statement in Program 4-
2
Relational Operators
Relational operators are used to compare two values to
form a condition.
Math C++ Plain English
= == equals [example: ]
if(a==b)
[ (a=b) means put the value of b into a
]
< < less than
<= less than or equal to
> > greater than
>= greater than or equal to
!= not equal to
Relational Operators
a != b;
X = 0;
X == 0;
Conditions
Examples:
Number_of_Students < 200
10 > 20
20 * j == 10 + i
Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ( )
{
int AmirAge, AmaraAge;
AmirAge = 0;
AmaraAge = 0;
cout<<“Please enter Amir’s age”;
cin >> AmirAge;
cout<<“Please enter Amara’s age”;
cin >> AmaraAge;
if AmirAge > AmaraAge)
{
cout << “\n”<< “Amir’s age is
greater then Amara’s age” ;
}
return 0;
}
Operator Precedence
Which comes first?
Answer: / %
*
+ -
< <= >= >
== !=
=
Logical Expressions
We must know the order in which to apply the operators
12 > 7 || 9 * 5 >= 6 && 5 < 9
Associativity
Right to Left
Highest
Left to Right
Left to Right
Left to Right
Order of Precedence Left to Right
Left to Right
Lowest Left to Right
Right to Left
The Boolean Type
C++ contains a type named bool for conditions.
A condition can have one of two values:
true (corresponds to a non-zero value)
false (corresponds to zero value)
Boolean operators can be used to form more complex conditional
expressions.
The and operator is &&
The or operator is ||
The not operator is !
Logical (Boolean) Operators
Logical or Boolean operators enable you to combine logical
expressions
A unary operator
Binary operators
Operands must be logical values
The results are logical values (true or false)
Logical Operators
Used to create relational expressions from other relational expressions
Operators, meaning, and explanation:
&& AND New relational expression is true if
both expressions are true
|| OR New relational expression is true if
either expression is true
! NOT Reverses the value of an expression – true
expression becomes false, and false
becomes true
Logical Operators
If a is greater than b
AND c is greater than d
In C++
if(a > b && c> d)
if(age > 18 || height > 5)
The Boolean Type
Truth table for "&&" (AND):
Operand1 Operand2 Operand1 &&
Operand2
true true true
true false false
false true false
false false false
The Boolean Type
Truth table for “||" (OR):
Operand1 Operand2 Operand1 ||
Operand2
true true true
true false true
false true true
false false false
The Boolean Type
Truth table for "!" (NOT):
Operand !Operand
true false
false true
Logical Operators-Examples
int x = 12, y = 5, z = -4;
(x > y) && (y > z) true
(x > y) && (z > y) false
(x <= z) || (y == z) false
(x <= z) || (y != z) true
!(x >= z) false
A Boolean Type
Assignments to bool type variables
bool P = true;
bool Q = false;
= true;
bool R
bool S = P && Q;
bool T = !Q || R;
bool U = !(R && !Q);
More Operator Precedence
Precedence of operators (from highest to lowest)
Parentheses ( … ) Left to Right
Unary operators ! Right to Left
Multiplicative operators * / % Left to Right
Additive operators + - Left to Right
Relational ordering < <= >= > Left to Right
Relational equality == != Left to Right
Logical and && Left to Right
Logical or || Left to Right
Assignment = Left to Right
More Operator Precedence
Examples
5 != 6 || 7 <= 3
(5 !=6) || (7 <= 3)
5 * 15 + 4 == 13 && 12 < 19 || !false == 5 < 24
Sorting Two Numbers
int value1;
int
value2;
int temp;
cout << "Enter two integers: ";
cin >> value1 >> value2;
if(value1 > value2){
temp = value1;
value1 = value2;
value2 = temp;
}
cout << "The
input in sorted
order: "
Short-circuit Evaluation
If the first operand of a logical and expression is false, the
second operand is not evaluated because the result must be false.
If the first operand of a logical or expression is true, the second operand
is not evaluated because the result must be true.
Example
If the student age is greater than 18
or his height is greater than five
feet then put him on the foot balll
team
Else
Put him on the chess team
The if-else Statement
Two Way Selection
Syntax
if (condition)
Action_A
else
condition
Action_B
if the condition is true then
true false
execute Action_A else
execute Action_B
Example: Action_A Action_B
if(value == 0)
cout << "value is 0";
else
cout << "value is not 0";
if-else
Two Way Selection
if (condition)
{
statement ;
-
-
}
else
{
statement ;
-
-
}
if-else
Entry point for IF-Else block
IF
Condition
Then
Process 1
Else
Process 2
Exit point for IF block
Note indentation from left to right
Choice (if and
else)
if <it's sunny>{
<go to beach>
}
else{
<take umbrella>
}
Example
Code
if (AmirAge > AmaraAge)
{
cout<< “Amir is older than Amara” ;
}
if (AmirAge < AmaraAge)
{
cout<< “Amir is younger than Amara” ;
}
Example
Code
if AmirAge > AmaraAge)
{
cout<< “Amir is older than Amara” ;
}
else
{
cout<<“Amir is younger than Amara” ;
}
Finding the Big One
int value1;
int
value2;
int larger;
cout << "Enter two integers: ";
cin >> value1 >> value2;
if(value1 > value2)
larger = value1;
else
larger =
value2;
cout << "Larger
of inputs is: "
<< larger <<
Finding the Big One
const double PI = 3.1415926;
int radius;
double area;
cout << "Enter the radius of the circle: ";
cin >> radius;
if(radius > 0){
area = radius * radius * PI;
cout << "The area of the circle is: " <<
area;
}
else
cout << "The radius has to be positive "
<< endl;
Even or Odd
int value1;
bool even;
cout << "Enter a integer : ";
cin >> value;
if(value%2 == 0)
even = true;
else
even =
false;
// even = ！
（ value%2);
The if/else statement and Modulus Operator in
Program
Flowchart for Program Lines 14 through 18
Testing the Divisor in Program
Continued…
Testing the Divisor in Program
Example
If (AmirAge != AmaraAge)
cout << “Amir and Amara’s Ages
are not equal”;
Unary Not operator !
!true = false
!false = true
If (!(AmirAge > AmaraAge))
?
Example
if ((interMarks > 45) && (testMarks >= passMarks))
{
cout << “ Welcome to Virtual University”;
}
Example
If(!((interMarks > 45) && (testMarks >= passMarks)))
?
The if/else if Statement
Tests a series of conditions until one is found to be true
Often simpler than using nested if/else statements
Can be used to model thought processes such as:
"If it is raining, take an umbrella,
else, if it is windy, take a hat,
else, take sunglasses”
if/else if Format
if (expression)
statement1; //
or block
else if (expression)
statement2; //
or block .
.
. // other else ifs
else if (expression)
statementn;
// or block
if-else-if
Statements
if <condition 1 exists>{
<do Q>
}
else if <condition 2 exists>{
Q
<do R>
}
R
else if <condition 3 exists>{
<do S>
S T
}
else{
<do T>
}
if-else-if
Statements
if <1PM or 7PM>{
<eat>
}
else if <Mon, Wed or Fri>{
<goto C++ Class>
}
else if <Tues or Thurs AM>{
<goto MATH Class>
}
else{
<sleep>
}
The if/else if Statement in Program
if-else-if
Statement
int people, apples, difference;
cout << "How many people do you have?\n";
cin >> people;
cout << "How many apples do you have?\n";
cin >> apples;
if(apples == people)
cout << "Everybody gets one apple.\n";
else if(apples > people){
difference = apples - people;
cout << "Everybody gets one apple,
& there are "
<< difference << " extra
apples.\n";}
else{
difference = people - apples;
cout << "Buy " << difference << " more
apples so that everyone gets one apple.\n";}
if-else-if
Example
int score;
cout << "Please enter a score: ";
cin >> score;
if (score >= 90)
cout << "Grade = A" << endl;
else if (score >= 80)
cout << "Grade = B" << endl;
else if (score >= 70)
cout << "Grade = C" << endl;
else if (score >= 60)
cout << "Grade = D" << endl;
else // totalscore < 59
cout << "Grade = F" << endl;
Nested if Statements
Multiple selections (nested if)
An if statement that is nested inside another if statement
Nested if statements can be used to test more than one
condition
Flowchart for a Nested if
Statement
Nested if
Statements
Nested means that one complete statement is inside another
if <condition 1 exists>{
if <condition 2 exists>{
if <condition 3
exists>{
<do A>
}
<do B>
}
<do C: sleep>
}
Nested if
Statements
Example:
if <it's Monday>{
<go to UET>
if <it's time for class>{
if <it's
raining>{
<bring umbrella>
}
<go to Programming
Fundamental Clas>
}
}
Nested if
Statements
Consider the following example:
if the customer is a member, then
{
If the customer is under 18, then
the entrance fee is half the full fee.
If the customer is 18 or older, then
the entrance fee is 80% of the full fee.
}
The if statements deciding whether to charge half fee to someone under 18
or whether to charge 80% to someone over 18 are only executed if the
outer if statement is true, i.e. the customer is a member. Non-members,
no matter what their age, are charged full fee.
Nested if
Statements
Consider a variant of the previous example:
if the customer is a member, then
{
If the customer is under 18, then
the entrance fee is half the full fee.
}
If the customer is 18 or older, then
the entrance fee is 80% of the full fee.
Here, member customers under 18 will be charged half fee and
all other customers over 18 will be charged 80% of the full
fee.
Nested if
Statements
From Program
Nested if
Statements
Another example, from Program
Use Proper Indentation!
Nested if
Statements
If (member) If (member)
{ {
if (age < 18) if (age < 18)
{ {
fee = fee * 0.5; fee = fee * 0.5;
} }
if (age >=18) }
fee = fee * 0.8; if (age >=18)
} fee = fee * 0.8;
“Dangling Else” Problem
Always pair an else with the most recent unpaired if in the
current block. Use extra brackets { } to clarify the intended
meaning, even if not necessary. For example, what is the value of c
in the following code?
int a = -1, b = 1, c = 1;
if( a > 0 )
if( b > 0 )
c = 2;
else
c = 3;
“Dangling Else” Problem
(A) int a = -1, b = 1, c =
1; if (a > 0) {
if (b > 0)
c = 2;
else
c = 3;
}
(B) int a = -1, b
= 1, c = 1;
if (a > 0) {
if (b > 0)
c = 2;
}
else
c = 3;
(A) is the correct interpretation. To enforce
(B), braces have to be explicitly used, as
above.
Comparing Characters
Characters are compared using their ASCII values
'A' < 'B'
The ASCII value of 'A' (65) is less than the ASCII value of 'B'(66)
'1' < '2'
The ASCII value of '1' (49) is less than the ASCI value of '2' (50)
Lowercase letters have higher ASCII codes than uppercase letters, so 'a'
> 'Z'
The Conditional Operator
Can use to create short if/else
statements
Format: expr ? expr : expr;
x<0 ? y=10 : z=20;
First Expression: 2nd Expression: 3rd Expression:
Expression to Executes if first Executes if the first
be tested expression is true expression is false
Multi-way decision
if Statements
if ( grade ==‘A’ )
cout << “ Excellent ” ;
if ( grade ==‘B’ )
cout << “ Very
Good ” ;
if ( grade ==‘C’ )
cout << “ Good ” ;
if ( grade ==‘D’ )
cout << “ Poor ” ;
if ( grade ==‘F’ )
cout << “ Fail
”;
if else if
if ( grade ==‘A’ )
cout << “ Excellent ” ;
else
if ( grade ==‘B’ )
cout << “ Very
Good ” ;
else
if ( grade ==‘C’ )
cout << “ Good
”;
else
if ( grade ==‘D’ )
cout << “ Poor ” ;
if else if
if ( grade == ‘A’ )
cout << “ Excellent ” ;
else if ( grade == ‘B’ )
…
else if …
…
else …
switch statement
switch statements
switch ( variable name )
{
case ‘a’ :
statements;
case ‘b’ :
statem
ents;
case ‘c’ :
state
ments;
…
}
switch statements
switch ( grade)
{
case ‘A’ :
cout << “ Excellent ” ;
case ‘B’ :
cout << “ Very Good ” ;
case ‘C’ :
…
…
}
Example
switch ( grade)
{
case ‘A’ :
cout << “ Excellent ” ;
case ‘B’ :
cout << “ Very Good ” ;
case ‘C’ :
cout << “Good
”;
case ‘D’ :
cout << “ Poor
”;
case ‘F’ :
cout << “ Fail ” ;
}
The switch
Statement
Used to select among statements from several alternatives
In some cases, can be used instead of if/else if
statements
Multiple Selection:
The switch Statement
multiway
expression
value1 value2 value3 value4
action 1 action 2 action 3 action 4
Multiple Selection:
The switch
Statement
Meaning:
Evaluate selector expression.
The selector expression can only be: a bool, an integer,
a constant, or a char.
Match case label.
Execute sequence of statements of matching label.
If break encountered,
go to end of the switch statement.
Otherwise continue execution.
Multiple Selection:
The switch
Statement
case 1
action
case 2
action
case 3
action
default
action
switch Statement: Example
1
• If you have a 95, what grade will you get?
switch(int(score)/10){
case 10:
case 9: cout << "Grade = A" << endl;
case 8: cout << "Grade = B" << endl;
case 7: cout << "Grade = C" << endl;
case 6: cout << "Grade = D" << endl;
default:cout << "Grade = F" << endl;
}
switch Statement: Example
2
switch(int(score)/10){
case 10:
case 9: cout << "Grade = A" << endl;
break;
case 8: cout << "Grade = B" << endl;
break;
case 7: cout << "Grade = C" << endl;
break;
case 6: cout << "Grade = D" << endl;
break;
default:cout << "Grade = F" << endl;
}
switch Statement: Example
2
is equivalent to:
if (score >= 90)
cout << "Grade = A" << endl;
else if (score >= 80)
cout << "Grade = B" << endl;
else if (score >= 70)
cout << "Grade = C" << endl;
else if (score >= 60)
cout << "Grade = D" <<
endl;
else // score < 59
cout << "Grade = F" <<
switch Statement: Example
2
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{ char answer;
cout << "Is Programing an easy course? (y/n): ";
cin >> answer;
switch (answer){
case 'Y':
case 'y': cout << "I think so too!" << endl;
break;
case 'N':
case 'n': cout << "Are you kidding?" << endl;
break;
default:
cout << "Is that a yes or no?" << endl;
}
return 0;
}
Points to Remember
The expression followed by each case label
must be a constant expression.
No two case labels may have the same value.
Two case labels may be associated with the
same statements.
The default label is not required.
There can be only one default label, and it
is usually last.
switch Statement
Format
switch (expression) //integer
{
case exp1: statement1;
case exp2:
statement2;
...
case expn: statementn;
default:
statementn+1;
}
Flow Chart of switch statement
switch (grade)
case ‘A’ :
Display
“Excellent”
case ‘B’ :
Display
“Very Good”
…
Default :
“……..”
The switch Statement in
Program
switch Statement
Requirements
1) expression must be an integer variable or an expression
that evaluates to an integer value
2) exp1 through expn must be constant integer expressions
or literals, and must be unique in the switch statement
3) default is optional but recommended
switch Statement-How it
Works
1) expression is evaluated
2) The value of expression is compared against exp1 through
expn.
3) If expression matches value expi, the program branches to
the statement following expi and continues to the end of the
switch
4) If no matching value is found, the program branches to the statement
after default:
break
Statement
Used to exit a switch statement
If it is left out, the program "falls through" the remaining statements in
the switch statement
break and default statements in
Program
Continued…
break and default statements in
Program
Using switch in Menu
Systems
switch statement is a natural choice for menu-driven
program:
display the menu
then, get the user's menu selection
use user input as expression in switch statement
use menu choices as expr in case statements
Converting if/else to a
switch
switch (rank)
{
if (rank == JACK) case JACK:
cout << "Jack"; cout << "Jack";
break;
else if (rank == QUEEN) case QUEEN:
cout << "Queen"; cout << "Queen";
break;
else if (rank == KING; case KING:
cout << "King"; cout << "King";
break;
else if (rank == ACE) case ACE:
cout << "Ace"; cout << "Ace";
break;
else default:
cout << rank; cout << rank;
}
