Data Base Administration

IT-242
Birkinesh
 Content

1. Why DBA Course?

2. What is DBA functions and roles?
3. What are the required software?
4. How we install and related issues?
WHY IS DBA COURSE?
 Why is DBA?
 To maintain the health of data
◦ Availability
◦ Reliability
◦ Efficiency
◦ Privacy
 Introduction
 Database Administration: A technical function that is
responsible for physical database design and for
dealing with technical issues such as security
enforcement, database performance, and backup and
recovery
 Database Administrators use specialized software to

store and organize data. The role may include capacity

planning, installation, configuration, database design,
migration, performance monitoring, security,
troubleshooting as well as back up and data recovery

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 Database Administration
1. Installation
◦ Planning, edition, reliability, requirement
2. Security
3. Performance
4. Upgrade
 Performance
1. Performance
 Monitor the performance using monitoring tools
 Database cleaning
2. Upgrading the system
 to increase security and
 performance enhancement
 What are the software and hardware requirement
 Security
3. Security can be made by DBA
 Physical level
 Windows level
 Server level
 Database level
 File level
 Installation
4. Installation
 Hardware Requirement Analysis
 Software Requirement Analysis
 System Requirement Analysis
 Planning and Configuration
 Common DBA Tasks
 Installing DBMS software, new versions and applying
fixes
 Data Modeling Architecture
 Performing upgrades of the database and software to

new release levels

 Managing the storage structures of the database
 Managing users and security
 Managing database objects, such as tables, indexes, and

views

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 Common DBA Tasks

 Monitoring and tuning the state of the database,

performance and taking preventive or corrective action as
required
 Setting and tuning system parameters, operating system,
network and transaction processors to work with the DBMS
 Ensuring appropriate storage and memory is available
 Analyzing data access requirements to ensure optimal
database design and efficient SQL access to maintain
security
 Diagnosing and reporting critical errors to DBMS Support
Services
 Common DBA Tasks
 Backing up the database and performing recovery
operations when necessary
 Starting and shutting down the database instance
 DBMS Software
 Potential DBMS Software
1. Access
2. SQL – Structured Query Language
3. Oracle
 MS SQL Introduction
 MS SQL Server is a relational database management
system (RDBMS) developed by Microsoft
 This product is built for the basic function of storing

retrieving data as required by other applications

 It can be run either on the same computer or on another

across a network

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 MS SQL Server - Overview

What is SQL Server?

 It is a software, developed by Microsoft, which is

implemented from the specification of RDBMS

 It is also an ORDBMS
 It is platform dependent
 It is both GUI and command based software
 It supports SQL language which is an IBM product,

non-procedural, and common database

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 Usage of SQL Server

 To create databases
 To maintain databases
 To analyze the data through SQL Server Analysis

Services (SSAS)
 To generate reports through SQL Server Reporting

Services (SSRS)
 To carry out ETL operations through SQL Server

Integration Services (SSIS)

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 SQL Server Components

SQL Server works in client-server architecture, hence it

supports two types of components
(a) Workstation and (b) Server
 Workstation components are installed in every

device/SQL Server operator’s machine. These are just

interfaces to interact with Server components. Example:
SSMS, SSCM, Profiler, BIDS, SQLEM etc.
 Server components are installed in centralized server.

These are services. Example: SQL Server, SQL Server

Agent, SSIS, SSAS, SSRS, SQL browser, SQL Server full
text search etc.

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 SQL Server Edition
 SQL Server is available in various editions.
 Enterprise − This is the top-end edition with a full feature set.
◦ It meets high demands of enterprise online transaction processing and data warehousing
 Standard − This has less features than Enterprise, when there is no
requirement of advanced features.
◦ Includes the essential functionality needed for e-line-of-commerce, data warehousing,
and line of business solutions
 Workgroup − This is suitable for remote offices of a larger company.
 Web − This is designed for web applications.
 Developer − This is similar to Enterprise, but licensed to only one user for
development, testing and demo. It can be easily upgraded to Enterprise
without reinstallation.
 Express − This is free entry level database. It can utilize only 1 CPU and 1
GB memory, the maximum size of the database is 10 GB.

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 SQL Server Edition
 Compact − This is free embedded database for mobile application
development. The maximum size of the database is 4 GB
 Datacenter − The major change in new SQL Server 2008 R2 is
Datacenter Edition. The Datacenter edition has no memory limitation
and offers support for more than 25 instances
 Business Intelligence − Business Intelligence Edition is a new
introduction in SQL Server 2012. This edition includes all the features
in the Standard edition and support for advanced BI features such as
 Enterprise Evaluation − The SQL Server Evaluation Edition is a
great way to get a fully functional and free instance of SQL Server for
learning and developing solutions. This edition has a built-in expiry of
6 months from the time that you install it

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SQL Server Edition

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 Instance of SQL Server

 An instance is an installation of SQL Server

 An instance is an exact copy of the same software
 If we install 'n' times, then 'n' instances will be created
 There are two types of instances in SQL Server

1. Default
2. Named

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 Instance of SQL Server

 Only one default instance will be supported in one

Server
 Multiple named instances will be supported in one

Server
 Default instance will take the server name as Instance

name
 Default instance service name is MSSQLSERVER
 No of instances varies according to the version
 Ex. 16 instances in 2000 version, and 50 instances will

supported in 2005 and later versions

 Advantages of Instances

 To install different versions in one machine

 To reduce cost
 To maintain production, development, and test

environments separately
 To reduce temporary database problems
 To separate security privileges
 To maintain standby server

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 MS SQL Server - Installation

SQL Server supports two types of installation −

1. Standalone
2. Cluster based

 STANDARD mode you can install the server when the

server is down the service stop giving service
 CLUSTER mode is using windows server clustering to
maintain high availability of the server and service
 If the sql server of one node is down, the other node
continue providing the same service that is high
availabelity

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 Stand Alone - Installation
1. Operating system
2. Disk
3. Power supply
4. Internal LAN
 IF you have one server which provides service for

many clients, if one your disk, network or battery fails,

your server are unable to provide the service.
 But if you make your server with redundancy like

operating system, hardware raid as disk 1 and 2, LAN 1

and 2, power supply 1 and 2, teaming and bonding
connected with network switch maintains high
availability
 Stand Alone - Installation
Operating system
How do we make sure our
server will not go down
1. Buying a server with
redundant power supply
Hard Disk 1
2. Configuring a hardware
raid and installing our OS
3. Having multiple
network cards
configured teaming
LAN 1
or bonding with
single IP

Power supply 1
To maintain high availability in stand
alone system
Operating system

Hard Ware Wired

Hard Disk 1 Hard Disk 2

LAN 1 Teaming /Bonding

LAN 2

Power supply 1 Power supply 1

 Cluster Based- Installation
 Cluster is a group of servers and other resources that
act like a single system and enable high availability and
in some cases load balancing and parallel processing
 Any problem in services affect the business, any losses

to that service is a huge looses for that organization

 100% operational never failures or without down time,

is high availability
 How do we make sure our server is available
 Cluster Based- Installation
 Operating system doesn’t have redundancy in a single
server system
 A high availability cluster(HA cluster) is a group of a

computer hardware pieces that provide solutions for

redundant operations in the event of component failure
 CLUSTER is a group of server that works as one

system
 Cluster Based- Installation
Server A Server B

Operating system Operating system

Hard Ware Wired Hard Ware Wired

Hard Disk 1 Hard Disk 2 Hard Disk 1 Hard Disk 2

[Link]
LAN 1 Teaming LAN 1 Teaming
/Bonding /Bonding
LAN 2 LAN 2

Power supply Power supply Power supply Power supply

1 1 1 1
 Cluster Based- Installation
 There are two ways of clusters
 1. |Manual cluster- which is nothing but you wil have

some downtime to bring up the other node with same

data dn ip address. End users still able to access the
nfs shares but they don’t from which server they are
accessing. This is manual cluster
 2. Automatic Cluster- here we use some sort of cluster

software’s as veritas cluster, HP service-guard cluster,

Red Hat Linux Native cluster, Sun Cluster
 These software’s will do the necessary switchover

automatically which is already configured by us in the

respective configuration
 Cluster Based- Installation
 There are four major types of clusters for our needs
 1. High availability(Active-Passive Cluster)- A high

availability cluster is a group of hosts that act like a

single system and provide continuous uptime. High
availability clusters are often used for load balancing,
backup and failover purposes
 2. Load balancing(Active-Active) Load balancing

scales the performance of server based programs, such

as a web server, by distributing client requests across
multiple servers
 3. High performance- As name says, to have high

performance we use this clusters\4. Storage- Storage

 Installation Analysis
 Review installation requirements
 System configuration checks
 Security consideration for a SQL Server installation
 What is new in system edition
 Determine hardware and software requirement

◦ OS
◦ RAM
◦ Storage
 Installation Analysis
 Analyze your device
 Click on mycomputer
 Select properties
 See the operating system, memory, cpu and bits
 Click on explorer
 Select your server capacity or computer capacity
 You can check details in device managers
 Analyze the installed software
requirement
 Go to internet and type SQL server download
 Type the hardware and software requirement of specific

SQL server version

 check the requirement of the SQL software installation

with your requirement

 Planning
 Includes hardware and software requirement is needed
to install to improve security, to maintain security, to
improver performance, back up and recover
 Requirements

 Which version, edition,

 Service accounts for database engine, agent, SSAS,

SSIS, SSRS
 Named instance name
 Location for system, user databases
 Authentication mode

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 Installation
 Security considerations
◦ Using Firewalls
◦ Put firewall between the server and internet
◦ Divide network into security zones separated by fire walls
◦ Isolate Services
◦ Run separate SQL Server Services under separate Windows
account
◦ Do not run SQL Server services on a domain controller under a
local service account
 Installation
 Security
◦ Use windows Authentication
◦ Use strong password for sa
◦ Always enable password policy
◦ Always use strong password for SQL login
◦ Run SQL Server Setup to install or upgrade to a later version
◦ Use SQL Server utilities to configure SQL Server
 Installation
 What are security zones
 One services that check the performance monitoring or provides back

up services should be separated with windows account

 if one of your service fails the other will continue running since their

windows account are different

 Windows authentication- you can use to access sql server if you have

computer access
 If I give windows authentication all users should access the sql server
 Policy enable should be ON
 It includes expiration period, size limitation, change user name,

capitals and so on
 Utilities – stop and start automatically,
How to give windows level or server
level access
 Click on security
 Right click on log in
 Set username and password
 Give windows level or server level authentication
 System Requirements for SQL
1. Hardware
 Laptop or desktop

2. Software
SQL Server and SQL Management Studio

SQL Server is a database system that allows you to store

tables and databases
SQL Management Studio enables you to write sql
statements
 R2 2008
 Hard disk - 2.2. GB
 RAM - 512 MB
 Processor 1.0 GHZ
 Operating system windows xp or above
 Edition - Sql server 2008 r2 expression
 Check bits - 64bits or 32 bits

SQL SERVER 2019

 Hard disk - 6GB

 Ram 1 GB
 Processor 1.4 GHZ
 Operating system windows 10 or above
 R2 Installation
 Download the exe file
 Click on new installation
 Accept agreement
 Click next as a default
 Instance configuration – Default and named instance use default for first
time and use named if it is second or more time you are installing you
have to choose named give name for your server
 Server configuration sql browser change the startup type into automatic
 Database engine configuration - Windows authentication mode as it is
 Click on add current
 Click next
 Click close all
 2019 Installation
 Find the sql server 2019 download
 It will give you two options Developer and Express edition

Developer edition: gives you four features of the standard MS SQL

server when it comes to the license you can only use for
development and testing but you can not use for production
Express edition: gives you 10GB of storage and 1 GB of ram can be
used for production development. you do not have to worry
about license you can use it for production development desktop
and web application

 And download under the developer edition

 2019 Installation
 Find the downloaded file and install the setup file
 It will give you three options as Basic, Custom, Download Media
- Custom: you can choose what features what you want to include
- Basic : comes with all the tools you need to start with MS SQL server
- Download Media: for the first time use BASIC
 Click Basic
 Accept the agreement
 Specify the location where you want to install and click next
 And gives you an information about where the instance, log file, resource

folder and media folder is installed

 Choose installation location as default
 Click connect- gives you the current version of SQL server , it indicates the

successful installation
 When it finishes click connect now, it will give you the version name which indicates the

success of your installation

 Back to the installation window to install SQL management studio
SQL Server Management Studio
 SQL server Management Studio helps us to connect with the
main server
 A client tool which can be installed at any place
 SQL server helps us to install all SQL objects including tool
 SQL management studio is separate tool and linked with the
server through network

 Download SQL server Management Studio

 Install SQL server Management Studio
 When it completes close
 2019 Installation
 Step 2. Install SQL server management studio
 Click on install SSMSS
 Download SSSMSQL server management studio
 Go where it is stored and run the executable files
of SSMS
 Specify the location where you want to install
 Click on install
 Close the installation when it finishes
 Now you have SQL server to store and SQL server
management studio to write sql statments
 To Start with SQL Server
 Find Management Studio from your programs
and click
 You will see the dialogue box, if you do not

see the server name is displayed, click on

drop down arrow and click on browse more
and under database engine and select the
server name
 Click on connect
 Click file, new, query and type

SELECT@@ServerName
 SQL Server System Databases
 What are the available software and databases when
you install software
1. Master database
2. MSDB- all files
3. Model- Template
4. RDB – Resource DB all system level objects
5. Tempdb – Transaction files
6. Configure Distribution
 SQL Server System Databases
 Master- the database that all of the system level
information for SQL server system
◦ It will reveal all databases, who log in a system
 Model : the template for all databases that are created
on the instance of SQL server
 SQL Server System Databases
 Msdb: the database used by SQL Server Agent for
scheduling alerts and jobs, and for recording operators.
To remember what and when the database is backup,
 Msdb also contains history tables such as the backup

and restore history tables

 Resource(RDB): A read only database that contains

copies of all system objects that ship with SQL Server ,

if you fail the server you can reinstall it but if your
database corrupted it you can take a back up for system
level database you can use the resource dba
 SQL Server System Databases
 Tempdb: A workspace for holding temporary
intermediate result sets. This database is re-created
every time an instance of SQL Server is started. When
the server instance is shut down, any data in tempdb is
deleted permanently
 Configure Distribution a database that exists only if the

server is configured as a replication Distributor. This

database stores metadata and history data for all types
of replication, and transactions for transactional
replication
 How to start SQL server
 Click sql server management studio
 Database engine
 Select server name ex. .dat
 Windows authentication
 Connect
 Object explorer will come
 If the object explorer is not appear
 Click on view menu and click on object explorer
 How to see the system database
 Click on file, select new, query with current connection
 To reveal all databases, you can use the following

commands
◦ SELECT name, database_id, create_date FROM [Link]
 Use master will change it to master database
 Use model will change it to model database
 How to start SQL server
 Click on database
 All of them are objects
 Click on new
 Type database name
 Click ok, two files will be created automatically
 Click refresh to get the created file
 In new files there are many objects
 Database Files
 When you create any database , the two data files will
be created
 Primary data and Secondary data files
 Primary data file is the starting point of the database

and points to the other files in the database. Every

database has one primary data file. The recommended
file name extension for primary data file is .mdf
 Database Files
 Secondary data files make up all the data files, other
than the primary data file. Some databases may not
have any secondary data files, while others have
several secondary data files. The recommended file
name extension for secondary data files is .ndf
 Log files: hold all the log information that is used to

recover the database. There must be at least one log

file for each database, although there can be more than
one . The recommended file name extension for log
files is .ldf
 Comparison between MDF and LDF
files
 MDF file is the primary file in SQL server database
 MDF contains database record data
 MDF vary in its file size with the change of the table and
record data
 The LDF is a supporting file, it stores the information
related to transaction logs
 LDF records information related to changes made in the
server as well as all the actions performed
 LDF files can go on to consume a lot of storage space
depending on the number of changes made in the server as
well as the number of transactions that took place,