Chapter 1

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 1

From Beginning to End: An Overview
of Systems Analysis and Design

Chapter 1

Systems Analysis and Design

in a Changing World 6th Ed

Satzinger, Jackson & Burd

Chapter 1 Outline
 Software Development and Systems Analysis
and Design
 Systems Development Lifecycle
 Introduction to Ridgeline Mountain Outfitters
 Iterative Development
 Developing RMO’s Tradeshow Systems

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 3

Learning Objectives
 After reading this chapter, you should be able
to:
 Describe the various types of systems and
technologies
 Describe the purpose of systems analysis and design
in the development of information systems
 Describe the characteristics of iterative systems
development
 Explain the six core processes of the Systems
Development Life Cycle

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 4

Learning Objectives
 Identify key documents that are used in planning
a project
 Identify key diagrams used in systems analysis
and systems design
 Explain the utility of identifying use cases in
systems development
 Explain the utility of identifying object classes in
systems development

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 5

Overview
 This text is about developing information
systems that solve an organization need.

 Chapter 1 takes you through the process of

developing one rather small information system

 The rest of the text elaborates on the basic

processes shown in chapter 1

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Overview - Systems Concepts
 System – a collection of interrelated components that
function together to achieve some outcome
 Subsystem – an identifiable and partitioned portion of an
overall system
 Functional decomposition –dividing a system into
components based on subsystems that are further divided
into smaller subsystems
 System boundary – the separation between a system and
its environment that inputs and outputs must cross
 Automation boundary – the separation between the
automated part of a system and the manual part of a
system

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Systems Concepts

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 8

Overview (continued)
 Computer application (app) – a computer
software program that executes on a computing
device to carry out a specific set of functions
 Modest scope
 Information system – a collection of
interrelated components that collect, process,
store, and provide as output the information
needed to complete business tasks
 Broader in scope than “app”
 Includes database and related manual processes

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 9

Overview (continued)
 Project – a planned undertaking that has a
beginning and end and that produces some
definite result
 Used to develop an information system
 Requires knowledge of systems analysis and
systems design tools and techniques

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Overview - Types of Information
Systems
 Customer relationship management (CRM) system – a
system that supports marketing, sales, and service
operations involving direct and indirect customer interaction
 Supply chain management (SCM) system – a system that
seamlessly integrates product development, product
acquisition, manufacturing, and inventory management
 Accounting and financial management (AFM) system – a
system that records accounting information needed to
produce financial statements and other reports used by
investors and creditors
 Human resource management (HRM) system – a system
that supports such employee-related tasks as payroll,
benefits, hiring, and training

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 11

Overview - Types of Information
Systems
 Manufacturing management system – a system that
controls internal production processes that turn raw
materials into finished goods
 Knowledge management system (KMS) – a system that
supports the storage of and access to documents from all
parts of the organization
 Collaboration support system (CSS) – a system that
enables geographically distributed personnel to collaborate
on projects and tasks
 Business intelligence system – a system that supports
strategic planning and executive decision making
 Enterprise resource planning (ERP) – a process in which an
organization commits to using an integrated set of software
packages for key information systems

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 12

Overview (continued)
 Systems analysis – those activities that enable
a person to understand and specify what an
information system should accomplish
 Describes in detail the “what” that a system must do to
satisfy the need or to solve the problem

 Systems design – those activities that enable a

person to define and describe in detail the
system that solves the need
 Describes the “how” the system will work

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 13

Overview (continued)
 Systems analysis and design
 Provide tools and techniques to enable understanding
for solving or building a solution system
 Include “hard” and “soft” skills, steps and guidelines

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 14

 Overview (continued)
 System development lifecycle (SDLC) – the entire
process consisting of all activities required to build,
launch, and maintain an information system
 Core processes of SDLC:
 Identify the problem or need and obtain approval
 Plan and monitor the project (what we need to do)
 Discover and understand the details of the problem or need
 Design the system components that solve the problem or
satisfy the need
 Build, test, and integrate system components
 Complete system tests and then deploy the solution

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 15

Overview (continued)
 Information systems development process –
the actual approach used to develop a particular
information system (aka: methodology)

 Most processes/methodologies now use Agile

and Iterative development

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Overview (continued)
 Agile development – an information system
development process that emphasizes flexibility
to anticipate new requirements during
development
 Fast on feet; responsive to change
 Iterative development -- an approach to system
development in which the system is “grown”
piece by piece through multiple iterations
 Complete small part of system (mini-project), then
repeat processes to refine and add more, then repeat
to refine and add more, until done
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Iterative and Agile Systems
Development Lifecycle (SDLC)

Fig 1-4 The six core processes, with iterations for a typical project

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Example System - Ridgeline
Mountain Outfitters (RMO)
 Large Retail Company
 Outdoor and sporting clothing and accessories
 skiing, mountain biking, water sports, hiking, camping,
mountain climbing
 Started mail order and phone order
 Added retail stores
 Added extensive E-business component

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 19

Ridgeline Mountain Outfitters
(RMO)

Fig 1-3 RMO winter catalog

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Ridgeline Mountain Outfitters
(RMO)

Fig 1-3 RMO sample online ordering page

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 21

RMO Tradeshow System
 Sample project for chapter
 Small information system
 Being added to larger supply chain
management system
 Demonstrates one iteration of the small
project, assuming there are more
 Goes through all six core processes of SDLC
 Plan is to complete iteration in six days
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RMO Tradeshow System
 Problem-- purchasing agents attend apparel
and fabric trade shows around the world to
order new products from suppliers
 Need– information system to collect and
track information about suppliers and new
products while at tradeshows
 Tradeshow Project– is proposed

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RMO Tradeshow System
 Most new applications require a project with
several iterations
 In first iteration, 3 major objectives:
 Get project approval
 Get a clear picture of the system’s overall vision -
all the major functions and data requirements
 To determine the detail specifications and
develop a solution for one portion of the system

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Pre-Project Activities
 Two major goals:
 Identify the problem and document the objective
of the system (core process 1)
 Obtain approval to commence the project (core
process 1)

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Pre-Project Activities
 Identify the problem and document the
objective of the system (core process 1)
 Preliminary investigation
 Business needs, project objective, equipment options
 System Vision Document
 Developed to identify the benefits of the company and
the functional capabilities that will be included in the
system

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 26

 System Vision
Document
Problem description

System capabilities

Business benefits

Fig 1-5 Tradeshow System Vision Document

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 27

Pre-Project Activities
 Obtain approval to commence the project
(core process 1)
 Meet with key stakeholders, including executive
management
 Decision reached, approve plan and budget

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 28

Day 1 Activities
 Core Process 2: Plan the Project
 Determine the major components (functional
areas) that are needed
 Define the iterations and assign each function to
an iteration
 Determine team members and responsibilities

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 29

Day 1 Activities
 Core Process 2: Plan the Project
 Determine the major components (functional
areas) that are needed
 1st step: divide the system into
subsystems/components
 RMO subsystems:
 Supplier information subsystem
 Product information subsystem
 2nd step: identify the order to develop the subsystem

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 30

Day 1 Activities
 Core Process 2: Plan the Project
 Define the iterations and assign each function to
an iteration
 Decide to do Supplier subsystem first
 Plan one iteration as it is small and straight forward
 Planning process for an iteration:
 Identify the tasks required for the iteration
 Work Breakdown Structure
 Organize and sequence these tasks into a schedule
 Work sequence draft
 Identify required resources and assign people to tasks

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 31

Work
Breakdown
Structure
for Iteration

Based on the
next four core
processes in
SDLC

Fig 1-6 Sample handwritten Work Breakdown Structure

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Work
Sequence
Draft for
Iteration

Elaborates on Work
Breakdown
Structure

Fig 1-7 Work sequence draft

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 33

Day 2 Activities
 Core Process 3: Discover and Understand
Details – system analysis activities
 Do preliminary fact-finding to understand
requirements
 Develop a preliminary list of use cases and a use
case diagram
 Develop a preliminary list of classes and a class
diagram

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Day 2 Activities
 Core Process 3: Discover and Understand
Details – system analysis activities
 Do preliminary fact-finding to understand
requirements
 Examine specific of functions and determine exactly
what the user needs the system to do
 Interviewing key users, observing work processes,
reviewing existing documentations and systems, etc.

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Day 2 Activities
 Core Process 3: Discover and Understand
Details – system analysis activities
 Develop a preliminary list of use cases and a use
case diagram
 Use case: a single user-triggered business event and
the system’s response to that event
 Use case diagram: visual representation of the use
cases and the primary user/person performing that
function

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Identify Use Cases
Both subsystems

Fig 1-8 List of use cases

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Use Case Diagram
Supplier information subsystem

Fig 1-11 Use case diagram

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Day 2 Activities
 Core Process 3: Discover and Understand
Details – system analysis activities
 Develop a preliminary list of classes and a class
diagram
 Object classes
 Identify those things in the real world that the system needs
to know about and keep track of
 Uses nouns to describe the classes
 Class diagram
 A visual diagram of the classes, their attributes, and their
relationships to other classes
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 39
Identify Object Classes
Both subsystems

Fig 1-9 List of object classes

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 40

Preliminary Class Diagram
Both subsystems

Fig 1-10 Preliminary class diagram for the Tradeshow System

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 41

Day 3 Activities
 Core Process 3: Discover and Understand
Details
 Do in-depth fact-finding to understand
requirements
 Understand and document the detailed workflow
of each use case
 Core Process 4: Design System Components
 Define the user experience with screens and
reports

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Day 3 Activities
 Core Process 3: Discover and Understand
Details
 Do in-depth fact-finding to understand requirements
 Use cases:
 Look up supplier
 Enter/update supplier information
 Lookup contact information
 Enter/update contract information
 Develop a workflow for each use case

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 43

Day 3 Activities
 Core Process 3: Discover and Understand
Details
 Understand and document the detailed workflow
of each use case
 Methods used: use case description or workflow
diagram
 Purpose: to document the interactions between the
user and the system

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 Activity
Diagram
(Workflow)

Fig 1-12 Workflow diagram for the

Look up supplier use case

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 45

Day 3 Activities
 Core Process 4: Design System Components
 Define the user experience with screens and
reports
 User-interface design
 Intuitive, easy to use, features to facilitate navigation, and
provide good information

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 46

Draft Screen Layout

Fig 1-13 Draft of screen layout for the Look up supplier use case

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 47

Day 4 Activities
 Core Process 4: Design System Components
 Design the database (schema)
 Design the system’s high level structure

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 48

Day 4 Activities
 Core Process 4: Design System Components
 Design the database (schema)
 Uses the class diagram as input
 Schema can be directly implemented by a database
management system
 Elements include:
 Table design
 Key and index identification
 Attribute types
 Referential integrity

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 49

Database Schema

Fig 1-14 Database schema for Supplier Information subsystem

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Day 4 Activities
 Core Process 4: Design System Components
 Design the system’s high level structure
 Start at the highest level and then drilling down to the
lowest level until all functions within each class is
defined
 Highest level: architectural configuration
(components)
 Design class diagram (DCD): identifies the object-
oriented programming classes that will be needed for
the system
 Lowest level: subsystem architectural design
(multilevel design)
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 51
Architectural Configuration
Diagram

Fig 1-15 Tradeshow System architectural configuration diagram

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 52

Preliminary
Design Class
Diagram

Fig 1-16 Preliminary design

class diagram

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Subsystem
Architectural
Design
Diagram

Fig 1-17 Supplier subsystem

architectural design diagram

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 54

Notes on Managing the Project
 Lots of design diagrams shown
 Design in a complex activity with multiple levels
 High level architectural
 Low level detailed design
 One diagram builds on/complements another
 Not everything is diagrammed, especially for a
small project. Pick and choose.
 Programming is also done concurrently
 You don’t design everything then code
 You do some design, some coding, some design,
some coding

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Day 5 Activities
 Core Process 4: Design System Components
 Continue with design details
 Proceed use case by use case
 Core Process 5: Build, Test, and Integrate
System Components
 Continue programming (build)
 Build use case by use case
 Perform unit and integration tests

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 56

Code
Example for
One Class

Fig 1-18 Code for the

SupplierView class

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 57

Day 6 Activities
 Core Process 6: Complete System Testing
and Deploy System
 Perform system functional testing
 Perform user acceptance testing
 Possibly deploy part of system

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 58

Workflow of Testing Tasks

Fig 1-19 Generalized workflow of testing tasks

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 59

Screen Capture for Look up
supplier use case

Fig 1-20 Screen capture for Look up supplier use case

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 60

First Iteration Recap
 This was a 6 day iteration of small project
 Most iterations are longer (2 to 4 weeks)
 This project might be 2 iterations
 Most projects have many more iterations
 End users need to be involved, particularly in
day 1, 2, 3 and 6.
 Days 4 and 5 involved design and
programming concurrently.
 Lots of time was spent programming along with
design (not emphasized here)
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 61
Summary
 This text is about developing information systems that
solve an organization need
 Information systems components can be thought of as
subsystems that interact or as hardware, software,
inputs, outputs, data, people, and procedures
 Many different types of systems solve organizational
problems, including customer relationship management
systems, supply chain management systems, human
resource management systems, manufacturing
management systems, accounting and financial
management systems

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 62

Summary
 Chapter 1 takes you through the whole process for one
small information system
 System development involves 6 core processes, known
as the SDLC
 The rest of the text elaborates on the basic processes
shown in chapter 1

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 63

The Role of the Systems
Analyst
Chapter 1 (continuation)

Systems Analysis and Design

in a Changing World 6th Ed

Satzinger, Jackson & Burd

Chapter 1 (continuation) Outline

 The Analyst as a Business Problem Solver

 Required Skills of the Systems Analyst
 Analysis-Related Careers

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 65

Learning Objectives
 Explain the key role of a systems analyst in
business
 Explain the importance of technical skills, people
skills, and business skills for an analyst
 Explain why ethical behavior is crucial for a
systems analyst’s career
 Describe various job titles in the field and places
of employment where analysis and design work is
done

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 66

Overview
 People today are attracted to information
systems careers because information
technology (IT) can have a dramatic impact on
productivity and profits
 It is the people who develop information
system solutions that harness the power of the
technology that makes these benefits possible
 The key to successful system development is
thorough systems analysis and design to
understand what the business requires from
the information system

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 67

Overview (continued)
 Systems analyst
 A business professional who uses analysis and
design techniques to solve business problems by
using information technology

 This text is about the tools and techniques

used by a systems analyst to develop
information systems

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 68

The Analysts as the Problem Solver
 Example of problems:
 Problems getting orders from customers twenty-four hours a
day.
 Problems planning production amounts to satisfy customer
demands.
 Problems reducing inventory holding costs and obtaining
supplier discounts.
 Problems anticipating customer needs by tracking buyer trends.
 Problems limiting complete information about the organization’s
financial position.
 Problems limiting employee flexibility in benefits plans

 The solution to a “problem” is generally a new

information system.

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 69

Analyst’s
Approach
to
Problem
Solving

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Knowledge and Skills
Required of a systems analyst

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Technical Knowledge and Skills
 Computers and how they work
 File, database, and storage hardware and software
 Input and output hardware and software
 Computer networks and protocols
 Programming languages, operating systems, and
utilities
 Communication and collaboration technology such as
digital telephones, videoconferencing, and Web-based
document management systems

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Tools and techniques
 Tools – a software application that assists developers
in creating models or other components required for a
project
 Techniques –strategies for completing specific system
development activities
 Project planning techniques
 Cost/benefit analysis techniques
 Interviewing techniques
 Requirements modeling techniques
 Architectural design techniques
 Network configuration techniques
 Database design techniques

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Business Knowledge and Skills
 Systems analysts need to understand business
organizations and how they operate.
 What business functions do organizations perform?
 How are organizations structured?
 How are organizations managed?
 What type of work goes on in organizations (finance, manufacturing,
marketing, customer service, etc)?
 What the specific organization does?
 What makes it successful?
 What its strategies and plans are?
 What its traditions and values are?

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People Knowledge and Skills
 Interpersonal skills are perhaps the analyst’s most
important skills because analysts rely on others, including
managers, users, programmers, technical specialists,
customers, and vendors, to take a system from initial idea
to final implementation
 The analyst must develop rapport with users who may be
resistant to change, negotiate with management for such
resources as budget, time, and personnel, and manage
development personnel with many different skills,
capabilities, and attitudes
 The analyst must be an effective teacher, mentor,
confidant, collaborator, manager, and leader, shifting easily
among those roles many times over the course of a typical
work day
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Analysis Related Careers
 Employment in the fields of information systems and
computer technology spans a wide variety of skills,
organizations, and roles
 In-house development, including analysis and design, is
especially common in security-sensitive industries, national
defense, and research and development in national
laboratories
 Many software development jobs have shifted to companies
that produce and sell package software
 Changes in software development, technology, and
business practices have created many new career
opportunities for analysts, including sales and support of
software; business analysts for user organizations; auditing,
compliance, and security; and Web development
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 76
A Variety of Job Titles
 Programmer analyst
 Business systems analyst
 System liaison
 End-user analyst
 Business consultant
 Systems consultant
 Systems support analyst
 Systems designer
 Software engineer
 System architect
 Web architect
 Webmaster
 Web developer

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Summary
 A system’s analyst is someone who solves
business problems by using information systems
technology
 Problem solving means looking into the problem in
great detail, understanding everything about the
problem, generating several alternatives for solving
the problem, and then picking the best solution.
 Information systems are usually part of the
solution, and information systems development is
much more than writing programs
 A system is a collection of interrelated components
that function together to achieve some outcome

Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th Edition 78

Summary (continued)
 A systems analyst needs broad knowledge and a
variety of skills, including technical, business, and
people knowledge and skills
 Systems analysis and design work is done by
people with a variety of job titles—not only systems
analyst but programmer analyst, systems
consultant, systems engineer, and Web developer,
among others
 Analysts also work for consulting firms, as
independent contractors, and for companies that
produce software packages

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