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Download RHEL, CentOS, VMware Workstation & Oracle VirtualBox
RHEL Iso Image
•[Link]
CentOS Iso Image
•[Link] or [Link]
VMware Workstation
•[Link]
Oracle VM VirtualBox
•[Link]
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Installation of Linux Operating System using VMware Workstation
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Installation of Linux Operating System using Oracle VM VirtualBox.
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Accessing the command line using the local console
Objective: After the completion of this section, students should be able to log into a Linux system on a local text
console and run simple commands using the shell.
The Bash Shell
The shell provides you with an interface to the UNIX system. It gathers input from you and executes programs based on
that input. When a program finishes executing, it displays that program's output.
A shell is an environment in which we can run our commands, programs, and shell scripts. There are different flavours
of shells, just as there are different flavours of operating systems. Each flavour of shell has its own set of recognized
commands and functions.
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Accessing the command line using the local console
Shell Prompt:
The prompt, $, which is called command prompt, is issued by the shell. While the prompt is displayed, you can type a
command.
The shell reads your input after you press Enter. It determines the command you want executed by looking at the first
word of your input. A word is an unbroken set of characters. Spaces and tabs separate words.
Following is a simple example of date command which displays current date and time:
$date
Thu May 25 [Link] IST 2019
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Accessing the command line using the local console
Over the long history of UNIX-like systems, many shells have been developed. The default shell for users in Red
Hat Enterprise Linux is the GNU Bourne-Again Shell (bash). Bash is an improved version of one of the most
successful shells used on UNIX-like systems, the Bourne Shell (sh).
When a shell is used interactively, it displays a string when it is waiting for a command from the user. This is called
the shell prompt. When a regular user starts a shell, the default prompt ends with a $ character, as shown below.
[user@rhel8 ~]$
The $ character is replaced by a # character if the shell is running as the superuser, root. This makes it more obvious
that it is a superuser shell, which helps to avoid accidents and mistakes which can affect the whole system. The
superuser shell prompt is shown below.
[root@rhel8 ~]#
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Logging in to a Local Machine
Users access the bash shell through a terminal. A terminal provides a keyboard for user input and display for
output. On text-based installations, this can be the Linux machine’s physical console. Terminal can also be
configured through serial ports.
Another way to access a shell is from virtual console. A Linux machine’s physical console supports multiple virtual
consoles which act like separate terminals. Each virtual console supports an independent login sessions.
Each virtual console supports an independent login session. You can switch between them by pressing Ctrl+Alt and
a function key (F1 through F6) at the same time.
In Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8, if the graphical environment is available, the login screen will run on the first virtual
console, called tty1. Five additional text login prompts are available on virtual consoles two through six.
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Introduction to the GNOME Desktop
The desktop environment is the graphical user interface on a Linux System. The default desktop environment in Red
Hat Enterprise Linux 8 is provided by GNOME 3.
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Practice Lab Session
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What is a path?
A path is a unique location to a file or a folder in a file system of an OS. A path to a file is a combination of / and alpha-
numeric characters.
What is an absolute path?
An absolute path is defined as the specifying the location of a file or directory from the root directory(/). In other words
we can say absolute path is a complete path from start of actual filesystem from / directory.
Some examples of absolute path:
/var/cron/chrony
/etc/httpd/[Link]
/boot/grub/[Link]
If you see all these paths started from / directory which is a root directory for every Linux/Unix machines.
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What is the relative path?
Relative path is defined as path related to the present working directory(pwd). Suppose I am located in /var/ftp and I
want to change directory to /var/ftp/pub. I can use relative path concept to change directory to kernel
Changing directory to /var/ftp/pub by using relative path concept.
cd pub
Changing directory to /var/log/kernel using absolute path concept.
cd /var/ftp/pub
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Practice Lab Session
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Command-Line File Management
Create, remove, copy, and move files & Directories.
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Channels (File Descriptors)
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END of this Course Module.
Thanks
