Chapter 3(ii)
BJT (DC analysis)
definitions
Biasing refers to the DC voltages applied to a transistor in order
to turn it on so that it can amplify the AC signal.
The DC input establishes an operating or quiescent point called the
Q-point.
Q-point
• Active or Linear Region Operation
Base–Emitter junction is forward biased
Base–Collector junction is reverse biased
• Cutoff Region Operation
Base–Emitter junction is reverse biased
• Saturation Region Operation
Base–Emitter junction is forward biased
Base–Collector junction is forward biased
DC biasing circuits
• Fixed-bias circuit
• Emitter-stabilized bias circuit
• Voltage divider bias circuit
• DC bias with voltage feedback
Fixed-bias circuit
DC analysis
Base-Emitter Loop Collector-Emitter Loop
From Kirchhoff’s voltage law: The collector current is given by:
+VCC – IBRB – VBE = 0
I C I B
Solving for the base current:
From Kirchhoff’s voltage law:
VCC VBE
IB VCE VCC I C R C
RB
Example: Fixed Biased Cct
• Determine the following
for the fixed-bias
configuration
a)IBQ
b)ICQ
c) VCEQ
d)VC
e)VB
f) VE
Load Line for Fixed-bias circuit
The end points of the load line
are:
VCC
IC
ICsat RC
VCE 0V
VCE VCC
VCEcutoff
I C 0 mA
The Q-point is the particular operating point:
• where the value of RB sets the value of IB
• where IB and the load line intersect
• that sets the values of VCE and IC
Circuit Values Affect the Q-Point
Increasing level of IB
Increasing level of RC
Decreasing
value of VCC
Emitter-Stabilized Bias Circuit
Adding a resistor (RE) to the emitter circuit stabilizes the
bias circuit.
DC analysis
Base-Emitter Loop Collector-Emitter Loop
From Kirchhoff’s voltage law :
From Kirchhoff’s voltage law :
VCC - I E R E - VBE - I E R E 0
I E R E VCE I C R C VCC 0
Since IE = (b + 1)IB: Since IE IC:
VCC - I B R B - ( 1)I B R E 0 VCE VCC – I C (R C R E )
Solving for IB: Also: VE I E R E
VC VCE VE VCC - I C R C
VCC - VBE
IB VB VCC – I R R B VBE VE
R B ( 1)R E
Example: Emitter Stabilized Bias Cct
• For the emitter bias
network, determine:
a)IBQ
b)ICQ
c) VCEQ
d)VC
e)VB
f) VBC
Improved Biased Stability
Adding RE to the emitter improves the stability of a
transistor.
Stability refers to a bias circuit in which the
currents and voltages will remain fairly
constant for a wide range of temperatures and
transistor Beta () values.
Load Line for Emitter-bias circuit
The end points of the load line
are:
VCC
IC
ICsat RC RE
VCE 0V
VCE VCC
VCEcutoff
I C 0 mA
Voltage Divider Bias
This is a very stable
bias circuit.
The currents and
voltages are almost
independent of
variations in .
There are two ways
of analyzing the
voltage divider bias
circuit :-
1. Exact analysis
2. Approximate
analysis
Exact Analysis
R2VCC
RTh R1 R2 ETh VR2
R1 R2
ETh VBE
IB
RTh 1RE
VCE VCC I C RC RE
Approximate analysis
Where IB << I1 and I2 and I1 I2 :
R 2 VCC
VB
R1 R 2
Where RE > 10R2:
VE
IE
RE
VE VB VBE
From Kirchhoff’s voltage law:
VCE VCC - I C R C - I E R E
IE IC
VCE V CC -I C (R C R E )
Example: Voltage Divider Bias Cct
• For the emitter bias network, determine:
a)ICQ
b)VCEQ
For the network shown in Figure below, determine the
following: a) IB b) IC c) VCE d) VBC
Assignment 3
For the same network, determine the following using
Exact Approach & compare the results with
Approximate Approach: a) IB b) IC c) VCE d) VBC
DC Bias with Voltage Feedback
Another way to
improve the
stability of a bias
circuit is to add a
feedback path from
collector to base.
In this bias circuit
the Q-point is only
slightly dependent
on the transistor
beta, .
Base-Emitter loop
From Kirchhoff’s voltage law:
VCC – I C R C – I B R B – VBE – I E R E 0
Where IB << IC:
I C I C I B I C
Knowing IC = IB and IE IC, the
loop equation becomes:
VCC – I B R C I B R B VBE I B R E 0
Solving for IB:
VCC VBE
IB
R B (R C R E )
Collector-emitter loop
Applying Kirchoff’s voltage law:
IERE + VCE + ICRC – VCC = 0
Since IC IC and IC = IB:
IC(RC + RE) + VCE – VCC =0
Solving for VCE:
VCE = VCC – IC(RC + RE)
