CLIMATE

Pre-Assessment
1. How does the windward side differ from the leeward side of a high land?
a. The windward receives more precipitation than the leeward.
b. The leeward side has more vegetation than the windward side.
c. The windward side receives more heat than the leeward side.
d. The leeward side receives more precipitation than the windward side.
2. What happens to the temperature of air when altitude increases?
a. remains the same c. decreases b. increases d. varies
3. Which of the following BEST describes climate?
a. The weather that occurs in the atmosphere within a day.
b. The pattern of weather that occurs in a region over a long period of time.
c. The pattern of weather that occurs in a region over a short period of time.
d. The disturbance in the atmosphere that happens in a long period of time.
4. Why are the coldest places on earth found at the poles?
a. great amount of gaseous particles trap heat from the surface
b. great amount of thermal radiation is received by these areas
c. less amount of thermal radiation is received by these areas
d. less amount of gaseous particles trap heat from the surface
5. What will happen when the rates of evaporation and condensation are equal?
a. Clouds form. c. The humidity increases.
b. The dew point is reached. d. Precipitation occurs.
6. Which of the following can cause global warming?
a. volcanic eruptions
b. the amount of rainfall
c. the rising of warm air into the atmosphere
d. increase of the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere
7. When does greenhouse effect happen?
a. Greenhouse gases on the surface absorb heat from the atmosphere.
b. Greenhouse gases on the surface absorb heat from the earth’s interior.
c. Greenhouse gases in the upper atmosphere absorb heat from the outer space.
d. Greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere absorb heat from the earth’s surface.
8. Which activity does not contribute to global warming?
a. reforestation c. mining activities
b. illegal fishing d. incineration of garbage
9. City A is surrounded by bodies of water and has a moderate climate. It is located
near the equator. What will most likely affect the climate of the city?
a. latitude c. topography
b. altitude d. all of these
10. Which of following is an indication of global warming?
a. rising of sea level c. coastal erosion
b. decrease of global temperature d. strong waves in the ocean
 Activity 1. When the Sun’s Rays Strike!
Problem: How latitude affects climate?
Hypothesis:
Q1. How much is the tilt of the earth’s axis?
Q2. Which part of the earth receives most of the sun’s rays?

Q3. Why does the amount of heat receive by places far

from the equator becomes less?
Q4. Why are the coldest places on earth found near the
poles?
Q5. Why are places with high temperature found at the
equator?
Q6. How does latitude affect climate?
Is hypothesis correct? If yes, then why? If no then why?
Therefore what is your conclusion?
You have noticed that most of the sun’s rays strike
vertically in places near the equator. This makes the
temperature higher in these areas, resulting in warm
climate. Places that are not always vertically hit by the
sun’s rays experience cold climate. As the latitude
increases, the smaller the angle of the sun’s rays strike the
surface. Therefore, when the area is farther from the
equator, the air temperature is lower. When the place is
closer to the equator, the air temperature is higher.
Do you think the altitude of the place might affect the
climate? How does altitude affect climate?
 Activity 2. The higher, the colder
Problem:
 How altitude affects climate
Hypothesis:

Materials Needed
Pencil or ballpen
Ruler

Procedure
1. Study Table 2.1 below.
 Table 2.1 Different Cities in the Philippines and Their Annual
Average Temperature
Name of Place Elevation above Sea level (m) Annual average temperature (0 C)

Bacolod 10 27.5
Baguio 1400 16.0
Laoag 20 27.3
Manila 10 27.7
Tacloban 20 29.4
Tagaytay 640 22.7
Zamboanga 30 27.6
Q1. Which place is the coldest?
Q2. Which place is the hottest?
Construct a scatter graph based on the data
above.
Q3. Based on the data, what is the relationship
between altitude and temperature of a place?
Is hypothesis correct? If yes, then why? If no
then why?
Therefore, What is your conclusion?
The altitude of a place will affect
the air temperature. Look at
Figure 2. Mt. Kilimanjaro is
located in Africa and found near
the equator. It stands 5895m
above sea level. The peak of this
mountain is covered by ice. How
is this possible? That’s because of
the air temperature decreases as
the altitude increases.
Why is it that during
summer many people visit
Baguio City? Obviously,
the reason is the cold
climate there. It has an
annual average temperature
of 16oC. It has an elevation
of 1435m above sea level.
Why do mountain climbers wear
jackets and thick clothes when they
go up the mountain? The air
temperature decreases as the
altitude increases. For every 1000
m, there is a drop of 6.50C. At
higher elevations, there is less air.
The air molecules are farther apart,
thus making the air less dense.
Lighter air cannot absorb much
heat, making air temperature lower.
Ultimately, the decrease of air
temperature is due to the decrease
of air pressure.
The climate of the place is influenced by the surrounding bodies
of water. Soil absorbs heat faster than water. At the same time,
soil releases heat faster compared to water. These slow
absorption and release of heat by the body of water greatly affect
the climate. Places that are near the oceans have moderate
climate as the body of water regulates the temperature. Even as
both soil and water absorb the same amount of heat, the
temperature of water rises more slowly than that of soil. Because
soil heats up faster than water, air temperature above the sea is
lower than above ground during day time. Warm air thus moves
out from land to sea, slowing down the rise of air temperature
above land. Thus, places without a body of water nearby tend to
have higher air temperature during day time.
At night, soil cools down faster than water, so the air temperature
above ground is lower than that above the sea. Warm air then flows
from sea to land, so the drop in air temperature above ground is
moderated. Places that are far from the bodies of water have extreme
climates, as there are no immediate bodies of water that will help to
circulate the movement of cold air and warm air. The reason why
temperature of water rises or falls more slowly than soil is that water
has higher heat capacity. Because of this, water also absorbs more
heat in warm days and slowly releases it in cold days. That is why
during summer, areas that are near a body of water will have
moderate temperature because water absorbs more heat. Similarly
during winter, surrounding water slowly releases heat causing the
cooling effect lesser than normal to nearby landmass.
The British Isles and the part of Russia
near Moscow. Being in the temperate
region, both places have four seasons.
Even though both places are at the same
latitude, the northern tip of the British
Isles has a more moderate climate due to
the neighboring bodies of water (refer on
the picture above). The British Isles
experiences average maximum
temperature of 17 oC and an average
minimum temperature of 0oC. Moscow
on the other hand, has an average
maximum temperature of 21 oC and very
cold winter with an average of -8 oC.
Windward and Leeward are term used to
describe the direction of the wind.
Windward is upwind from the point of
reference, i.e. towards the direction from
which the wind is coming; Leeward is
downwind from the point of reference, i.e.
along the direction towards which the wind
is going.
 Activity 4 Which should I choose, Windward or Leeward?
Problem
 Differentiate windward and leeward sides of a high land
 How topography affects climate
Hypothesis

Materials Needed
Pencil or ballpen
An illustration of the windward and leeward sides of a mountain
Mountain is an example of topographical features of
the land. As you noticed, the picture shows the two
sides of the mountain. One side is facing the wind
and has low temperature. Clouds are forming here
due to the condensation of water vapor. This
formation of clouds develops to become rain. On the
other side of the mountain, there is no cloud
formation. The temperature is high and precipitation
does not happen. This results in the formation of a
dry and warm region.
Q1. What happens to water vapor as it rises over the
mountain?
Q2. Which side of the mountain experiences low
temperature?
Q3. Which side of the mountain experiences high
temperature?
[Link] happens when air becomes warmer and drier as
it moves down the leeward side?
Q5. What dry region forms at the back of the mountain?
Q6. How does topography affect climate?
Topography is another factor that affects the climate of a certain
place. One of the topographic features of an area is mountain.
Mountainous areas greatly affect the amount of precipitation in a
certain region. The area in which the wind blows is called the
windward side. Here, the wind is blocked by the mountain,
forcing it to move upward. As it moves up, the water vapor
condenses and forms clouds. This will result in precipitation on
the windward side. The air moves down towards the opposite
region called leeward side. The cold air mass starts to absorb
heat and becomes warm and dry. As a result, the area near the
leeward side becomes dry and has less precipitation. The dry
region on the leeward side is called rain shadow. Vegetation in
this region includes desert plants and grassland.
 Activity 5 Temperature of Different Cities around the World
Problem:
 How latitude, altitude, and distance from the ocean affect climate.
Hypothesis:
Materials Needed
World Map Table with data
Table 5.1 World City Temperatures
City Altitude (m) Temperature Degree Celsius
High Low
Paris 30.0 23 18
Beijing 43.7 24 11
Cairo 74.1 31 22
Berlin 36.0 15 2
Denver 1609.3 7 -3
Manila 13.1 30 26
Toyko 20.1 21 18
Vienna 19.1 -1 -6
Warsaw 110.0 11 -1
Q1. Which city had the highest temperature?
Q2. What factor do you think is the cause of high
temperature in that city?
Q3. Which city had the lowest temperature?
Q4. What factor do you think is the cause of low
temperature in that city?
Q5. What factor do you think greatly affects the climate
of Tokyo? Support your answer.
Q6. How does the elevation of Paris affect its climate?
Is Hyphothesis correct? If yes, then why If no why?
Therefore, What is your conclusion?
The effects of latitude, altitude and distance from the ocean
on the climate of a specific area. It is clear that the amount of
heat received by the places near the equator is greater
compared to those that are far from the equator. Hence,
countries that are found near the equator have tropical
climate. In contrast, countries that are somewhat farther from
the equator have temperate climate. Regions with high
altitude have colder temperatures than those in low-lying
areas. Areas near bodies of water may have more moderate
climate. Places that are far from bodies of water usually
experience extremely cold or extremely warm climate.
 Activity: 6 Ocean Currents
Problem
 How ocean currents affect climate.
Hypothesis:

Materials
Pen or pencil
Map that illustrates ocean currents
Ruler
Short bond paper
Procedure
1. Study the map below.
Q1. What are the different ocean currents that carry
warm water? Give at least three examples.
Q2. What are the different ocean currents that carry cold
water? Give at least three examples.
Q3. What kind of water does Greenland Current take
along? Explain.
Q4. How do Kamchatka Current and Kuroshio Current
affect the Northeastern part and Southern part of Japan?
Q5. How do ocean currents affect climate?
Is hypothesis correct? If yes, then why? If no then why?
Therefore, What is your conclusion?
Different loops or gyres of surface currents around the world. In
northern hemisphere, the current flows in clockwise direction. On
the other hand, in southern hemisphere the current flows in
counterclockwise direction. These clockwise and
counterclockwise of ocean currents are caused by Coriolis Effect.
Ocean currents that flow away from the equator carries warm
water. The air above the warm water has higher temperature.
When ocean currents that bring cold water move towards a
coastal region, the temperature of that area decreases as warmer
air from the land flows to the sea resulting to a cold climate.
When warm ocean currents that take along warm water go to a
land mass, the temperature of that place increases as warmer air
above the water flows inland, resulting to a warm climate.
You learned that ocean currents have also an important
role in changing the climate of a certain area. They
affect the temperature of the nearby land mass. Warm
currents move from the equator towards poles carry
warm water. On the other hand, cold currents travel
from the poles towards the equator carry cold water.
When ocean current carries cold water, the air above it becomes
colder. When this ocean current moves toward the coastal region,
the temperature of that area becomes lower. For example, the
southwestern parts of Singapore and Indonesia have lower
temperature because of the cold air brought by West Australian
Current. On the other hand, the ocean current that carries warm
water makes the air warmer. When this current goes toward a
land mass, the temperature of that place becomes higher. For
example, the warm Kuroshio Current that comes from the
northeastern part of the Philippines brings warm water. This
raises the temperature of places in the southeastern part of Japan.
Therefore, ocean currents that bring along cold water to inland
make the climate cold. On the other hand, ocean currents that
take along warm water to coastal areas make the climate warm.
Is climate change real? Is climate change man-made or
is it just a natural occurrence? These are just few
questions that can be asked once we talk about climate
change. Climate change is one of the most current
worldwide issues. Some experts say that it is true that
Earth does go through a period of cooling and a period
of warming. The increase of temperature that we are
experiencing right now is caused by factors other than
human activity.
Another point of view is that the increase of Earth’s
temperature is brought about by human intervention.
Whether the cause is man-made or not, climate change
is a change in the environment. Global warming can
bring about a rising of sea level due to the melting of ice
caps and glaciers. We may experience severe weather
disturbances such as much stronger typhoons and
heavier rainfalls. Some parts of the world may
experience El Niño or La Niña. And most of all, it can
cause extinction of some fauna and flora.
Activity 7 Getting Ready!
Problem:
 assess your prior knowledge and experiences about Climate Change.

Hypothesis:

Materials Needed
Bingo Card with questions
Ball pen or pencil
Procedure
1. Fill out the Bingo Card below (Table7.1) by seeking help from your
classmates. Your classmates will take turn in choosing which question
he/she can answer. Then, he/she will write his/her name below the
chosen question/statement. All the questions/statements must be filled
up. (Wait for the signal of your teacher when to start.)
 Table 7.1 Bingo Card
say the word What is this sign? CFCs stand for? Say the word Which do you ride
“carbon dioxide “in “renewable” 10 to go to school, bus
a scary way times or a tricycle?
Can say “Climate What type of gas is Who invented Where can you find Do you eat
Change” 7 times released in landfills? standard the 1st wind farm in vegetables?
while covering the (methane or CO2) incandescent bulb? Southeast Asia
nose
What type of Yes or No: Writing A renewable energy Do you use a glass
greenhouse gas is on both sides of that uses water to when drinking
released when coal paper is called produce energy water?
is burned? reusing.
Yes or No: weather What does 3Rs Is Energy Efficient or What renewable A person who is
is the atmospheric stand for? being “sulit”? energy facility is wearing something
condition that can found in Lanao del white
quickly change in a Norte?
day.
The general Name 3 things that Give 2 examples on A type of renewable Which do you prefer
condition of the can be reused how to conserve technology that to use; paper bag or
Atmosphere within energy. uses energy of the plastic bag?
a year (climate or sun
weather)
 Activity 8 It’s getting’ hot in here
Problem:
 demonstrate how closed spaces trap heat
 explain how greenhouse gases trap heat
Hypothesis:

Materials Needed
A small glass tank or an aquarium with thin walls or
shoe box
2 laboratory thermometers with cover setup
Sunlight (if not available, you may use study lamp)
Procedure:
1. Place the tank or aquarium on the surface with
thermometer inside. Position the thermometer so that
you can read the markings.
2. Place another thermometer just outside the tank or
aquarium.
3. Expose the setup to sunlight. 4. Take the temperature
every two minutes over a period of 20 minutes. Record
your data in Table 8.1.
Time (minutes) Thermometer Thermometer
Inside (0C) Outside (0C)
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Guide Questions:
Q1. Which thermometer shows a faster rise in temperature?

Q2. What happened to the temperature inside the

aquarium?
Q3. How does the wall of the aquarium relate to
greenhouse gases?
Q4. What traps heat in the atmosphere?

Is hypothesis correct? If yes, then why? If no then why?

Therefore, What is your conclusion?
The thermometer reading inside the tank went up faster than
the thermometer reading outside the tank. This was due to
the temperature that is rising in the container. The rising of
the temperature resulted from keeping the heat from
flowing. Thermal radiation coming from the sun was
absorbed by the air inside the tank. The wall of the tank
keeps the warm air from flowing out, causing its
temperature to rise as it continues to absorb heat from
sunlight. Outside the tank, air warmed by sunlight can
interact with the surrounding cooler air. This allows heat to
flow from warm air to cooler air through convection, and
keep the temperature from rising as fast as that of the air
inside the tank.
Solar radiation warms the Earth as its energy is absorbed by the
atmosphere. In the atmosphere, there are greenhouse gases
present. These include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and
nitrous oxide. Greenhouse gases prevent heat to escape from earth
making earth’s temperature higher.
All gases absorb heat, some just absorb more than others. So assuming
solar radiation is constant, the average atmospheric temperature depends
on the mix of gases. The greenhouse effect gases in the atmosphere means
that the equilibrium temperature will be higher as these absorb more heat.
This will result to the increase of global temperature. Less greenhouse
gases will mean lower temperature. Mankind more or less evolved under
conditions of a specific mix of gases (of course with certain degree of
variation) in the atmosphere, and we thrived under these conditions. If the
mix of gases in the atmosphere were altered considerably, earth’s
temperature would change significantly, and we will be faced with new
conditions that we are not used to, which we will have to somehow
adapt to, or face extinction. Areas that are found in temperate regions
may have shorter winter. Countries that are found in tropical regions may
have longer and drier summer. Glaciers that cover land will melt which
results in the increase of sea level.
 Activity 9. CO2 is the reason
Problem:
 What is the relationship of carbon dioxide and
temperature.
Hypothesis:

Materials Needed
Graph of CO2 and global temperature
Ball pen or pencil
Procedure
1. Study the graph below (Fig. 9.1). Answer the guide
questions.
Figure 9.1 Global temperature and carbon dioxide
Guide Questions:
Q1. How much is the increase in temperature from 1880 to
2010?
Q2. What happened to the amount of carbon dioxide from
1880 to 2010?
Q3. What is the relationship between the amount of carbon
dioxide and global temperature?
Q4. When was temperature at its highest and at its lowest?

Is hypothesis correct? If yes, then why? If no then why?

Therefore, What is your conclusion?
 Activity 10 Am I a climate hero or a climate culprit!
Problem:
 calculate your personal carbon emission
 take an action to lessen the effects of climate change
Hypothesis:
Materials Needed
Carbon Footprint Calculator /Checklist
Manila paper
Short bond paper

Procedure
1. Each member of the group will compute his/her carbon footprint
2. Each group should present the data using a bar graph on Manila
paper.
 Table 10.1 What’s your carbon footprint? Evaluate your carbon emission.
Different Activities Always
(1pt)
Sometimes
(3pts)
Never
(5pts)
I use water wisely.
I eat a mixture of meat and vegetarian meals.
We use kerosene lamp or low energy light bulbs at home.
I use basin in washing our dishes.
I eat locally grown food.
I turn off electric appliances or battery-operated gadgets instead
of leaving it on standby.
I use a glass of water when brushing my teeth.
I eat organic foods.
I use reusable bags when buying things from the market.
I avoid eating ready meals. (e.g. noodles, sardines etc)
I use recycled notebooks and papers.
I throw my biodegradable wastes to a compost pit.
I replace my toy or gadget when it stops working rather than just to
get the most up-to-date model.
I always know where my food and products are made.
I give my too small clothes to charity or to my younger siblings and
friends.
I throw my trash on the garbage bin or trash.
I just walk if the place I want to go to is near.
I ride a vehicle through the place I want to go is near.
I do recycling at home.
I do recycling in school.
I share a ride or walk or cycle on the way to school.
Total Score
 How do your score?
20-50 - You’re a Green Queen/King and a globally aware consumer! Keep
up the good work.
50-80 - You’ve made a start but have more you can do to reduce your
ecological footprint.
80-110 – You are a long way to go; it is best to start now.
Q1. Which member gets the highest carbon footprint?
Q2. Which member gets the lowest carbon footprint?
Q3. What is the average carbon footprint of the group?
Q4. What is your highest source of carbon emission?
Q5. What is your lowest source of carbon emission?
Is hypothesis correct? If yes, then why? If no then why?
Therefore, What is your conclusion?
.
From this activity, you found out how much you contribute
to carbon emission. This activity helps you realize that you
are either a climate hero or climate culprit. Anyone can be a
contributor in changing our climate. It is up to you if you
want to make this world remain hospitable to human beings.
Climate is always changing. It has shown how much it
could affect our lives. You have seen how strong the winds
of Yolanda were, and how heavy the rainfall from Ondoy
was. (Note: Not all calamities e.g. Bohol earthquake,
Zamboanga war, are related to climate change) We still
have to change our course. The future of humanity lies on
our collective hands.
 Impacts of Climate Change
You were just reading the first page of your favorite magazine when
your eyes were caught by the passage: “Climate Change Is Here!”
And it says,” climate change is really happening. Its effects are felt
by animals, plants and people.” You got very interested in the topic
because it is a worldwide issue. As you continue reading, you found
out that there are some species of birds that lay eggs earlier than
usual. There are some species of plants that bloom earlier than it is
expected. There are some animals that supposedly still hibernating,
but are already up. There is an earlier migration of birds and
arriving to their nesting ground and others appeared to be later.
Sometimes some animals and birds tend to stay in their local
territory because the climate is already suitable for them.
You were surprised of the things you discovered about
climate change. As you keep on reading, you were disturbed
that even the sea level is rising. The melting of glaciers that
cover the land causes the sea level to rise. If sea level
increased by 50 cm, sea turtles may lose their nesting areas.
People and animals that live in near shorelines may be
forced to move out. Animals moving out of their natural
habitat face challenges that could lead to the extinction of
their species. At the back of your mind you were thinking
that hopefully the effects of climate change will not be felt
by people here in the Philippines.
But to your dismay, we felt them already. Heavy rainfalls
were brought by typhoon Ondoy and Hanging Habagat
which result in submerging most parts of Metro Manila and
some provinces. Typhoon Yolanda brought the strongest
wind ever encountered by people in Visayas region leaving
great destruction and loss of lives. Hanging Amihan
brought very cold wind affecting the climate of the country
and destroying some crops of farmers in Northern part of
Luzon.
 El Niño and La Niña
El Niño is an abnormal and lengthy warming in the eastern part
of the Pacific Ocean. This natural phenomenon occurs at
irregular intervals of two to seven years and last for nine months
or two years at most. Usually, it starts at the end of the year or
during Christmas season that is why; it is termed as El Niño
which means”Christ child”. Normally, as trade wind moves from
east to west, it collects warm air. But when trade wind is
weakened, it causes the piling up of warm surface water and
making the part of the Pacific Ocean warmer leading to El Niño
phenomenon. This happens when the upwelling of colder water
is blocked by the large quantities of warm surface water. (The
cause of the weakening of the trade winds is still
Since the Pacific Ocean is to the east of the Philippines, El Niño
phenomenon will affect the country. When there is an increase of
the temperature in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean, it is
expected that some areas in the Philippines will experience this
climatic phenomenon. El Niño will most likely bring severe
drought. It also causes the decrease the population of some
species.
La Niña is the opposite climatic disturbance to El Niño.
This natural phenomenon may, but does not always follow
El Niño events. It may last for nine to twelve months but
in some cases, it lasts for two years.
 This event is triggered by the cooling of the eastern part of
the Pacific Ocean. That‘s why, it is sometimes called cold
Pacific. Trade winds that move from east to west are
strengthened. Upwelling of colder water intensifies.
Moving air brings along too much water vapor. When it
reaches the land mass such as Philippines, precipitation is
experienced. There would be an increase of rainfall in some
areas in the Philippines. For instance, areas that
experienced severe drought which caused by El Niño may
encounter above normal rainfall. But in some cases, areas
that experience dry season will be drier than normal
conditions. La Niña’s effects are the opposite of El Niño.
 Posttest/ Summative Test
Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
1. Why do mountain climbers bring thick jackets when they go up the mountain?
a. The temperature increases as the altitude increases.
b. The temperature decreases as the altitude increases.
c. The altitude increases as the temperature increases.
d. The altitude decreases as the temperature increases.
2. What will happen if there is too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
a. Greenhouse effect occurs. c. Water vapor condenses.
b. Temperature increases. d. Climate changes.
3. Why does cloud formation disappear as the air moves slowly towards the
leeward side of a mountain?
a. The air condenses as it moves to the leeward side.
b. The amount of water vapor is not enough.
c. The temperature becomes lower.
d. There is too much water vapor.
4. Which condition happens during La Niña phenomenon?
a. Air pressure in the western Pacific increases
b. Air pressure in the eastern Pacific decreases
c. Upwelling of cold water is blocked
d. Trade wind becomes stronger
5. It refers to the atmospheric condition of a place over a long period of time.
a. climate c. weather
b. monsoon d. topography
6. Which side of the mountain often receives the most precipitation?
a. leeward side c. rain shadow
b. windward side d. peak
7. Which is the best practice to reduce the effect of climate change?
a. livestock raising c. organic farming
b. burning fossil fuel d. car manufacturing
8. Which of the following shows the effect of climate change?
a. rising of sea level
b. deforestation of the forest
c. coastal erosion in some places
d. siltation of bodies of water
9. During summer, many people visit Baguio because of the cold weather.
What do you think makes Baguio cold?
a. The latitude c. The altitude
b. The topography d. The distance from the ocean
10. Why do places at the same latitude but different altitudes have different
climate?
a. Amount of heat received varies.
b. Amount of precipitation differs.
c. Higher altitudes have lower temperature.
d. Higher altitudes have higher temperature.