BMS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Introduction to Mechanical
Engineering
Module 5
Internet of Things

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Introduction
• Internet of Things (loT) comprises things that have unique identities and are
connected to the Internet.
• While many existing devices, such as networked computers or 4G enabled
mobile phones already have some form of unique identities and are also
connected to the Internes
• The focus on IoT is in the configuration, control and networking via the Internet
of devices or "things" that are traditionally not associated with the Internet.
• These include thermostats, utility meters, a bluetooth-connected headset,
irrigation pumps and sensors or control circuits for an electric car's engine.
• Internet of Things is a new revolution in the capabilities of the endpoints that are
connected to the Internet,
• and is being driven by the advancements in capabilities (in combination with lower
costs) in sensor networks, mobile devices, wireless communications, networking
and cloud technologies. Department of Mechanical Engineering | Dr. Keerthi Kumar N
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Definition of IoT
A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-
configuring capabilities based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where physical and
virtual "things" have identities, physical attributes, and virtual
personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly
integrated into the information network, often communicate
data associated with users and their environments.

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Characteristics of IoT
• Dynamic & Self-Adapting

• Self-Configuring

• Interoperable Communication Protocols

• Unique Identity

• Integrated into Information Network

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Characteristics of IoT
• Dynamic & Self-Adapting:
• IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically adapt with
the changing contexts and take actions based on their operating
conditions, user's context, or sensed environment.
For example, consider a surveillance system comprising of a number
of surveillance cameras.
The surveillance cameras can adapt their modes (to normal or infra-
red night modes) based on whether it is day or night.
Cameras could switch from lower resolution to higher resolution
modes when any motion is detected and alert nearby cameras to do the
same.
In this example. the surveillance system is adapting itself based on the
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context and changing (e.g.. dynamic) conditions.
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Characteristics of IoT
• Self-Configuring:

• loT devices may have self-configuring capability, allowing a large

number of devices to work together to provide certain functionality
(such as weather monitoring).

• These devices have the ability configure themselves (in association

with the loT infrastructure), setup the networking, and fetch latest
software upgrades with minimal manual or user intervention.
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Characteristics of IoT

• Interoperable Communication Protocols:

• loT devices may support a number of interoperable communication

protocols and can communicate with other devices and also with the

infrastructure.

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Characteristics of IoT
• Unique Identity:
• Each loT device has a unique identity and a unique identifier (such as
an IP address or a URI).
• IoT systems may have intelligent interfaces which adapt based on the
context, allow communicating with users and the environmental
contexts.
• loT device interfaces allow users to query the devices, monitor their
status, and control them remotely, in association with the control,
configuration and management infrastructure.

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Characteristics of IoT
• Integrated into Information Network:
• loT devices are usually integrated into the information network that allows them
to communicate and exchange data with other devices and systems.
• loT devices can be dynamically discovered in the network. by other devices
and/or the network, and have the capability to deseribe themselves (and their
characteristics) to other devices or user applieations.
For example, a weather monitoring node can describe its monitoring
capabilities to another connected node so that they can communicate and
exchange data. Integration into the information network helps in making loT
systems "smarter" due to the collective intelligence of the individual devices in
collaboration with the infrastructure.
Thus, the data from a large number of connected weather monitoring loT
nodes can be aggregated and analyzed to predict the weather.
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IoT Functional Blocks

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IoT Functional Blocks
• Device: An loT system comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation, monitoring
and control functions. You learned about loT devices in section 1.2.
• Communication: The communication block handles the communication for the loT
system. You learned about various protocols used for communication by loT systems in
section 1.2.
• Services: An loT system uses various types of loT services such as services for device
monitoring, device control services, data publishing services and services for device
discovery. .
• Management: Management functional block provides various functions to govern the loT
system.
• Security: Security functional block secures the loT system and by providing functions such
as authentication, authorization, message and content integrity, and data security.
• Application: loT applications provide an interface that the users can use to control and
monitor various aspects of the loT system. Applications also allow users to view the system
status and view or analyze the processed data.
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IoT Communicational Models
• Request-Response
• Publish-Subscribe
• Push-Pull
• Exclusive Pair

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IoT Communicational Models
• Request-Response

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IoT Communicational Models
• Request-Response

In request/response communication mode, one software module sends a

request to a second software module and waits for a response. Because the

first software module performs the role of the client, and the second, the role

of the server, this mode is also referred to as client/server interaction.

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IoT Communicational Models
• Publish-Subscribe

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IoT Communicational Models
• Publish-Subscribe

Publish/subscribe messaging, or pub/sub messaging, is a form of asynchronous

service-to-service communication used in serverless and microservices

architectures. In a pub/sub model, any message published to a topic is

immediately received by all subscribers.

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IoT Communicational Models
• Push-Pull

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IoT Communicational Models
• Push-Pull

Push-pull communication model in IoT Therefore, the line acts as a message

bar, where the difference arises from the level of push or data drag on the

publisher and consumer sides.

Example: Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producers and

consumers.
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IoT Communicational Models
• Exclusive Pair

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IoT Communicational Models
• Exclusive Pair

Exclusive pair communication model in IoT Being an IoT bidirectional communication

model, this model combines full dual communication between client and server. The

connection does not change and remains open until the client submits a request to close the

connection. The server has a record of all open communication.

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Applications of IoT

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Thank You

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