I2C BUS PROTOCOL
CHINARI S SAKTI
1NH02EC011
DEPT OF ECE
EVOLUTION OF I2C
developed in the early 1980's by Philips
Semiconductors
Its original purpose was to provide an easy
way to connect a CPU to peripheral chips in a
TV-set.
I2C BUS PROTOCOL
I2C BUS PROTOCOL
consists of 2 active wires and a ground connection
The active wires, called SDA and SCL, are both bi-
directional. SDA is the Serial DAta line, and SCL is
the Serial CLock line.
The I2C bus is a multi-master bus.
I2C protocol specification states that the IC that
initiates a data transfer on the bus is considered the
Bus Master
Consequently, at that time, all the other ICs are
regarded to be Bus Slaves.
I2C BUS HARDWARE STRUCTURE
I2C BUS HARDWARE STRUCTURE
Physically consist of 2 active wires: sda(data)
and scl(clock).
Both are initially bidirectional.
These signals use open collector or open
drain outputs (depending on the technology).
When bus is idle it is logic HIGH state.
I2C BUS ARBITRATION
The I2C bus was originally developed as a
multi-master bus
using only one master on the bus there is no
real risk of corrupted data
situation changes with 2 MCU's
I2C BUS ARBITRATION
I2C BUS ARBITRATION
when one of the MCU's missed the START
condition and still thinks the bus is idle, this
leads to problems.
How can you know if some other device is
transmitting on the bus ?
What about the risk of data corruption ?
CLOCK SYNCHRONISATION
All masters generate their own clock on the
SCL line
Data is only valid during the HIGH period of
the clock
A defined clock for bit-by-bit arbitration
performed using the wired-AND connection of
I2C interfaces to the SCL line
I2C BUS EVENTS
the start condition
the stop condition
transmitting a byte to a slave
receiving a byte from slave
giving acknowledge to a slave
getting acknowledge from a slave
no acknowledge
THE START CONDITION
Start condition first pulls
the SDA (data) line low
next pulls the SCL
(clock) line low.
THE STOP CONDITION
The Bus Master first
releases the SCL and
then the SDA line.
A Stop condition
ALWAYS denotes the
END of a transmission
TRANSMITTING A BYTE TO SLAVE
first byte after a start condition will identify the
slave on the bus (address)
RECIEVING A BYTE FROM SLAVE
a byte can be received from the slave if the
R/W bit in the address was set to READ (set
to '1').
GETTING ACKNOWLEDGE FROM
SLAVE
ACKNOWLEDGED by the slave
pulls the SDA line low immediately after
reception of the 8th bit transmitted
GIVING ACKNOWLEDGE TO A
SLAVE
Upon reception of a byte from a slave, the
master must acknowledge this to the slave
device.
NO ACKNOWLEDGE
Not merely a condition but a state
If slave doesnot pull the sda line low
Happens when slave is not there (in case of
an address)
The slave missed a pulse and got out of sync
with the SCL line of the master
The bus is "stuck". One of the lines could be
held low permanently.
TRAMSMITTING MODES
Standard mode:
bit rate of 100Kbps.
Enhanced I2C:
bit rate of 400Kbps.
High speed I2C:
bit rate of 3.2Mbps
ADDRESSING MODE
7 bit addressing (standard)
10 bit addressing (extended)
THEORY OF OPERATION
The Master device issues a start condition. This condition
informs all the slave devices to listen on the serial data line for
instructions.
The Master device sends the address of the target slave
device and a read/write flag.
The Slave device with the matching address responds with an
acknowledgement signal.
Communcation proceeds between the Master and the Slave
on the data bus. Both the master and slave can receive or
transmit data depending on whether the communcation is a
read or write. The transmitter sends 8-bits of data to the
receiver which replies with a 1-bit acknowledgement.
When the communication is complete, the master issues a
stop condition indicating that everything is done.
FORMAT OF I2C
FORMAT OF I2C
SCL ... ...
SDL ...
start MSB ack
FLOWCHART FOR MASTER
Start
Sending start condition
Start sending serial address of the slave
Receiving ack from slave
Sending slave location address serially
Receiving ack from slave
‘0’ write Check 7th ‘1’ read
bit of initial
byte
Sending data Receiving data
Receiving ack from slave Sending ack to slave
Sending stop condition
stop
FLOWCHART FOR SLAVE
Start
receiving start condition
Receiving serial address of the slave
false
Checking for
address
true
sending ack to master
receiving slave location address
sending ack to master
‘1’ read Check 7th ‘0’ write
bit of initial
byte
Sending data to master Receiving data from master
Receiving ack from master Sending ack to master
Detecting stop condition
stop
FEATURES
multiple data speeds
Built in collision detection,
10-bit Addressing,
Mutli-master support,
Data broadcast (general call).
BENEFITS
Since only 2 wires
Reduces cost
Reduces complexity
Increases the number of devices on a board
DRAWBACKS
Due to the presence of only two wires,
complexity in handling the overhead of
addressing and acknowledgments
COMPANIES ADOPTED I2C
Xicor
ST Microelectronics
Infineon Technologies
Intel
Texas Instruments
Maxim
Atmel
Analog Devices and others.
REFERENCES
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THANK YOU!
ANY QUESTIONS ?
