Amplitude Modulation
Modulation
It is the process of varying the characteristics of
high frequency carrier in accordance with
instantaneous values of modulating or message
or baseband signal.
(Or)
It is a frequency translation technique which
converts baseband or low frequency signal to
bandpass or high frequency signal.
Modulation is used in the transmitter.
Types of Modulation
Types of Modulation
• Amplitude Modulation: Amplitude of the carrier
is varied in accordance with the instantaneous
values of modulating signal.
• Frequency Modulation: Frequency of the carrier
is varied in accordance with the instantaneous
values of modulating signal.
• Phase Modulation: Phase of the carrier is varied
in accordance with the instantaneous values of
modulating signal.
Benefits or Need of Modulation
• To reduce the length or height of antenna
• For multiplexing
• For narrow banding or to use antenna with single
or same length
• To reduce noise effect
• To avoid equipment limitation or to reduce the
size of the equipment.
Phase Reversal
Envelope is, 5
Ac[1+kam(t)] 4
Cos(2πfct) 0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
mt s t
1.5 1.5
1 1
|M(f)|
|Y(f)|
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
Total power in AM wave is, PTotal Pc PUSB PLSB
A 2
A A
2 2 2 2
c
c c
2R 8R 8R
Ac2 2 2
1
2R 4 4
Ac2 2
1
2R 2
PTotal
Then the modulation index is, 2 1
Pc
1. An audio frequency signal 10 sin(2π x 500t) is used to
amplitude modulate a carrier of 50 sin(2π x 105t). Calculate,
•Modulation Index
•Sideband frequencies
•Amplitude of each sideband frequencies
•Bandwidth required
•Total power delivered to the load of 600Ω
Solution: Am=10, Ac=50:
• μ=Am/Ac = 10/50 = 0.2 or 20%.
• fm=500Hz, fc=100 kHz
fUSB = fc+fm=100 kHz + 500 Hz = 100.5 kHz
fLSB = fc – fm = 100 kHz - 500 Hz = 99.5 kHz
• Amplitude of Upper & Lower side frequencies, Ac
2
0.2 50
5 V
2
Am=10, Ac=50, fm=500 Hz, fc=100 kHz
• Bandwidth of AM wave is = 2fm = 2 x 500 Hz = 1000 Hz = 1 kHz.
• Total power delivered to the load is =
Ac2 2 50 2 0.2 2
PTotal 1 1 2.125 watts
2R 2 2 600 2
2. A 400 W carrier is modulated to a depth of 80%, calculate the
total power in the modulated wave .
2 0.82
PTotal Pc 1 400 1 528 watts
2 2
ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS
3. Carrier wave of frequency f = 1mHz with pack
voltage of 20V used to modulated a signal of
frequency 1kHz with pack voltage of 10v. Find out
the following
(i) μ?
(ii) Frequencies of modulated wave?
(iii) Bandwidth
(ii) frequencies of modulated wave
f → fc, fc + fm and fc – fm
fc = 1mHz, fm = 1kHz
fc + fm = 1×106 + 1×103 = 1001 ×103 = 1001 kHz
fc – fm = 1×106 – 1×103 = 999 × 103 = 999 kHz
(iii) Band width: (W)
(W) = upper side band frequency – lower side
band frequency
= fc + fm – (fc – fm)
= 2fm = 1001 kHz – 999 kHz = 2 kHz
