CONFIGURING RIP
Routing
• There are two parts to routing IP packets:
1. How to pass a packet from an input interface to the
output interface of a router (packet forwarding) ?
2. How to find and setup a route ?
• There are two approaches for calculating the routing tables:
– Static Routing
– Dynamic Routing: Routes are calculated by a routing protocol
2
Components of a Routing Algorithm
• A procedure for sending and receiving reachability information
about network to other routers
• A procedure for calculating optimal routes
– Routes are calculated using a shortest path algorithm:
• Goal: Given a network were each link is assigned a
cost. Find the path with the least cost between two
networks with minimum cost.
• A procedures for reacting to and advertising topology changes
3
Approaches to Shortest Path Routing
• There are two basic routing algorithms found on the Internet.
1. Distance Vector Routing
• Each node knows the distance (=cost) to its directly connected neighbors
• A node sends periodically a list of routing updates to its neighbors.
• If all nodes update their distances, the routing tables eventually converge
• New nodes advertise themselves to their neighbors
2. Link State Routing
• Each node knows the distance to its neighbors
• The distance information (=link state) is broadcast to all nodes in the
network
• Each node calculates the routing tables independently
4
Routing Algorithms in the Internet
Distance Vector Link State
• Routing Information Protocol • Intermediate System -
(RIP) Intermediate System (IS-IS)
• Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol • Open Shortest Path First
(GGP) (OSPF)
• Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)
• Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
(IGRP)
5
A network as a graph
• In the following, networks are represented as a network
graph:
– nodes are connected by networks
– network can be a link or a LAN
– network interface has cost
– networks are destinations
– Net(v,w) is an IP address of a network
c(v,w)
Net(v,w) w
• For ease of notation, v
we often replace the
Net
clouds between nodes c(v,n) Net(v,n)
by simple links. n
6
Distance Vector Algorithm: Routing Table
c(v,w): cost to transmit on the
interface to network Net(v,w)
Net(v,w): Network address of the network between v
and w The network can be a link, but could also be a
LAN
RoutingTable of node v
Dest via cost
(next hop)
Net(v,w) w
c(v,w)
v
Net n D (v,Net)
Net(v,n) Net
c(v,n)
n
7
Distance Vector Algorithm: Messages
RoutingTable of node v
Dest via cost
(next hop)
Net n D (v,Net)
• Nodes send messages to their neighbors which contain
routing table entries
[Net , D(v,Net)]
vv nn
• A message has the format: [Net , D(v,Net)] means“My cost
to go to Net is D (v,Net)”
8
RIP -- What is it?
RIP is a routing protocol for exchanging
routing table information between
routers.
• Routing updates must be passed between
routers so that they can make the proper
choice on how to route a packet.
RIP Characteristics
Distance vector routing protocol.
Uses hop count as a path selection
metric.
Three types of timers.
Multiple stability features.
RIP message example
RIP timers
• Periodic timer: control advertising of regular update messages (25-35
sec)
• Expiration timer: governs the validity of a route (180 sec)
– Every time an update (on a 30 sec average) is received the timer is reset
– If no update received within this timer the metric is set to 16
– The maximum number of hops allowed for RIP is 15, which limits the size
of networks that RIP can support. A hop count of 16 is considered an
infinite distance and the route is considered unreachable.
• Garbage timer: 120 sec
– A route can be advertised with a 16 metric for 120 sec before it get purged
• Allow neighbors to have knowledge of the invalidity of a route
Slow Convergence Problem
Solved by limiting number of hops to 15, 16 means
That the destination is unreachable
Create a topology as
shown in figure.
Cont…
• IP RIP comes in two different versions: 1 and 2. Version 1
is a distance vector protocol. Version 2 is a hybrid
protocol. The CCNA exam now primarily focuses on
version 2. There are no major differences between RIPv1
or RIPv2 so far configurations concern.
(1841Router0) Hostname R1
• Router>enable
• Router#configure terminal
• Router(config)#hostname R1
• R1(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
• R1(config‐if)#ip address [Link] [Link]
• R1(config‐if)#no shutdown
• R1(config‐if)#exit
• R1(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
• R1(config‐if)#ip address [Link] [Link]
• R1(config‐if)#clock rate 64000
• R1(config‐if)#bandwidth 64
• R1(config‐if)#no shutdown
• R1(config‐if)#exit
• R1(config)#router rip
• R1(config‐router)#network [Link]
• R1(config‐router)#network [Link]
• R1(config‐router)#exit
(2620XMRouter1)
Hostname R2
• Router>enable
• Router#configure terminal
• Router(config)#hostname R2
• R2(config)#interface serial 0/0
• R2(config‐if)#ip address [Link] [Link]
• R2(config‐if)#no shutdown
• R2(config‐if)#exit
• R2(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
• R2(config‐if)#ip address [Link] [Link]
• R2(config‐if)#no shutdown
• R2(config)#router rip
• R2(config‐router)#network [Link]
• R2(config‐router)#network [Link]
• R2(config‐router)#exit
• R2(config)#
(2620XMRouter2)
Hostname R3
• Router>enable
• Router#configure terminal
• Router(config)#hostname R3
• R3(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
• R3(config‐if)#ip address [Link] [Link]
• R3(config‐if)#no shutdown
• R3(config‐if)#interface serial 0/0
• R3(config‐if)#ip address [Link] [Link]
• R3(config‐if)#clock rate 64000
• R3(config‐if)#bandwidth 64
• R3(config‐if)#no shutdown
• R3(config‐if)#exit
• R3(config)#router rip
• R3(config‐router)#network [Link]
• R3(config‐router)#network [Link]
• R3(config‐router)#exit
• R3(config)#
(2811Router3) Hostname R4
• Router>enable
• Router#configure terminal
• Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
• Router(config‐if)#ip address [Link] [Link]
• Router(config‐if)#no shutdown
• Router(config‐if)#exit
• Router(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
• Router(config‐if)#ip address [Link] [Link]
• Router(config‐if)#no shutdown
• Router(config‐if)#exit
• R4(config)#router rip
• R4(config‐router)#network [Link]
• R4(config‐router)#network [Link]
• R4(config‐router)#exit
• R4(config)#
PC1
• PC>ipconfig
• IP Address......................:
• [Link]
• Subnet Mask.....................:
• [Link]
• Default Gateway.................:
• [Link]
• PC>ping [Link]
You can verify that RIP is running successfully via
show ip protocols command in privilege mode
• R1#show ip protocols
• R1#show ip route
