Lecture 2

UGBS 102
Introduction to Computing

Lecturers:
Dr. Awuni Emmanuel
Dr. Owusu Acheampong
Dr. Emmanuel Owusu-Oware
Mr. Divine Agozie
1
Inside the Computer

2
Objectives Overview

Identify characteristics of
Describe the various Describe multi-core
various personal computer
computer and mobile processors the components
processors on the market
device cases and the of a processor, and the four
today, and describe the
contents they protect steps in a machine cycle
ways processors are cooled

Explain how program and

Define a bit, and describe
Explain the advantages and application instructions
how a series of bits
services of cloud computing transfer in and out of
represents data
memory

See Page 248 3

for Detailed Objectives
Objectives Overview

Describe the purpose

Differentiate among
of adapter cards, USB Explain the function
the various types of
adapters, and of a bus
memory
ExpressCard modules

Explain the purpose Understand how to

of a power supply care for computers
and batteries and mobile devices

See Page 248 4

for Detailed Objectives
Inside the Case

• The case contains and protects the electronics of the

computer or mobile device from damage

Page 248 5
Figure 6-1
Inside the Case

Page 250 6
Figure 6-2
Inside the Case

• The motherboard is the main circuit board of the

computer
– A computer chip contains integrated circuits

Pages 250 - 251 7

Figure 6-3
Processors

• The processor, also called the central processing

unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate a computer
– Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit
(ALU)
• A multi-core processor is a single chip with two or
more separate processor cores

Pages 252 - 253 8

Processors

Page 253 9
Figure 6-4
Processors

• The control unit is the component of the

processor that directs and coordinates most of
the operations in the computer
• The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs
arithmetic, comparison, and other operations

Page 253 10
Processors

• For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of

four basic operations, which comprise a machine
cycle

Page 254 11
Figure 6-5
Processors

The processor contains registers, that

temporarily hold data and instructions

The system clock controls the timing

of all computer operations
• The pace of the system clock is called the clock
speed, and is measured in gigahertz (GHz)
Page 255 12
Processors

• The leading
manufacturers of
personal computer
processor chips are Intel
and AMD

Page 255 13
Processors

• A processor chip generates heat that could cause

the chip to malfunction or fail
• Require additional cooling
– Heat sinks
– Liquid cooling technology
– Cooling mats

Pages 256 - 257 14

Figures 6-6 – 6-7
Cloud Computing

• Home and business users choose cloud computing

for a variety of reasons

Accessibility Cost savings

Space
Scalability
savings
Page 257 15
Data Representation

Analog signals are continuous and vary in

strength and quality

Digital signals are in one of two states: on

or off
• Most computers are digital
• The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1)
• Bits and bytes
Page 259 16
Data Representation
The circuitry in a computer or mobile Eight bits grouped together as a
device represents the on or the off unit are called a byte. A byte
states electronically by the presence represents a single character in the
or absence of an electronic charge computer or mobile device

Pages 259 - 260 17

Figures 6-8 – 6-9
Data Representation

Page 260 18
Figure 6-10
Memory

• Memory consists of electronic components that

store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those instructions, and
the results of processing the data
• Stores three basic categories of items:
Data being
The operating
processed and the
system and other Applications
resulting
programs
information

Page 261 19
Memory

• Each location in memory has an address

• Memory size commonly is measured in gigabytes
(GB) or terabytes (TB)

Page 261 20
Figure 6-11
Memory

• The system unit contains two types of memory:

Volatile memory Nonvolatile memory

Loses its contents when Does not lose contents

power is turned off when power is removed

Examples include ROM,

Example includes RAM flash memory, and
CMOS

Page 262 21
Memory

Page 262 22
Figure 6-12
Memory

• Two common types of RAM chips exist:

Dynamic RAM
Static RAM (SRAM)
(DRAM)

Page 263 23
Table 6-1
Memory

• RAM chips usually reside on a memory module

and are inserted into memory slots

Page 263 24
Figure 6-13
Memory

• Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer

because it stores frequently used instructions and data

Page 265 25
Figure 6-14
Memory

Read-only memory (ROM)

refers to memory chips
storing permanent data and
instructions
• Firmware
Page 265 26
Memory

• Flash memory can be erased electronically and

rewritten
– CMOS technology provides high speeds and consumes
little power

Pages 266 - 267 27

Memory

• Access time is the amount of time it takes the

processor to read from memory
– Measured in nanoseconds

Page 267 28
Table 6-2 and Figure 6-15
Adapters
• An adapter card enhances
functions of a component of
a desktop or server system
unit and/or provides
connections to peripherals
– Sound card and graphics card
• An expansion slot is a
socket on a desktop or
server motherboard that
can hold an adapter card

Page 269 29
Table 6-3
Adapters

• With Plug and Play, the computer automatically

can recognize peripheral devices as you install
them

Page 269 30
Figure 6-16
Adapters

• Adapters for mobile computers are in the form of

a removable flash memory device
– USB adapter
– ExpressCard module

Page 269 31
Figures 6-17 – 6-18
Buses

• A bus allows the various

devices both inside and
attached to the system
unit to communicate with
each other
– Data bus
– Address bus
• Word size is the number
of bits the processor can
interpret and execute at a
given time
Pages 270 - 271 32
Figure 6-19
Buses

• A computer might have these three types of

buses:

System Backside
bus bus

Expansion
bus

Page 271 33
Power Supply and Battery

• The power supply or

laptop AC adapter
converts the wall outlet
AC power into DC
power

Page 271 34
Figure 6-20
Power Supply and Battery

• Mobile computers and devices can run using

either a power supply or batteries
• Batteries typically are rechargeable lithium-ion
batteries

Page 272 35
Figure 6-21
Summary

Types of processors,
Various components Advantages and
steps in a machine
inside computers services of cloud
cycle, and processor
and mobile devices computing
cooling methods

How memory stores

Adapters, buses, Ways to care for
data and described
power supplies and computers and
various types of
batteries mobile devices
memory

Page 275 36