Chapter 14

Nonhomogenous Elasticity
Many materials have spatially varying microstructure that leads to spatial
variation in elastic properties and thus require a nonhomogeneous model

For inhomogeneous model elastic moduli Cijkl or Cij will be

functions of spatial coordinates that describe the problem
Cij = Cij(x)
Only Hooke's Law changes  ij Cijkl ( xm ) ekl

Equilibrium Eqns: ij , j 0  [Cijkl (uk ,l  ul ,k )] 0  x
x j

Navier's Eqns: [Cijkl uk ,l ] 0  Cijkl uk ,lj  Cijkl , j uk ,l 0
x j ---------

new terms

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Two-Dimensional Nonhomogeneous Model
Navier's equations for isotropic nonhomogeneous plane strain case
  u v    u v   u   u v 
2u  (  )      2     0
x  x y  x  x y  x x y  y x 
  u v    u v   v   u v 
2 v  (  )        2     0
y  x y  y  x y  y y x  y x 

Stress formulation for plane strain case using Airy stress function
2  1   2 2 (1   )  2   2  1   2  2  (1   )  2  2  1   2 
      2   0
x 2  E x 2 E y 2  y 2  E y 2 E x 2  xy  E xy 
and for plane stress
2  1  2    2    2  1  2   2   2  1    2 
      2   0
x 2  E x 2 E y 2  y 2  E y 2 E x 2  xy  E xy 

The more complex nonhomogeneous relations Cij ( x) Cijo (1  ax)

are generally intractable unless specific and
Cij ( x) Cijo e ax
simplified assumptions are made for elastic
moduli spatial variation Cij ( x) Cijo x a

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Example 14-1 Uniaxial Tension of a Graded Sheet
Based on simple geometry and boundary conditons
y
assume stress field is same as homogeneous case T E E (x) T
 x T ,  y  xy 0   Ty 2 / 2
Using this stress function and E E ( x) governing eqn 
x
d2  1  1 1
  0   Ax  B or E 
dx 2  E  E Ax  B
This is restriction on modulus to produce given stress field
More convenient to rewrite form as E Eo / (1  Kx) where l
Eo is modulus at x 0 and K is level of gradation (K 0  homogeneous case)
T   x2 y2   T
Using standard methods the displacements become u   x  K      , v   (1  Kx) y
Eo   2 2  Eo

(y=0)
K = -0.5 K=5

K = 0 (homogeneous case)
K = 0 (homogeneous case)

K=5
K = -0.5

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 2-D Hollow Cylindrical Domain Under
Uniform Pressure, E=E(r)
2-D Hooke's Law for plane stress case with constant Poisson's ratio
E (r )  du u E (r )  u du 
r   dr n ,   n
r  1 n 2  r dr 

1 n 2 po
d 2u 1 du u 1 dE (r )  du u a
Navier's eqn     n 0 pi
dr 2 r dr r 2 E (r ) dr  dr r 
n
r
choose specific power-law variation E (r ) Eo    b
a
d 2u (n  1) du u
  ( n
n  1) 0 , ( n 0 homogeneous case)
dr 2 r dr r2
Solution  u  Ar  ( n k )/2  Br (  n k )/2 , k  n 2  4  4n  0
arbitrary constants A and B determined from boundary conditions r (a)  pi and r (b)  po
Details given in text

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Results 2-D Hollow Cylindrical Domain Under
E ( r ) = Eo r / a  , po = 0
n
Uniform Internal Pressure
pi a (2k  n )/2 (  2k n )/2 k (  2  k  n )/2 pi a (2k  n )/2  2  k  n (  2k n )/2 2  k  n k (  2 k n )/2 
r  k r br  ,   k r  br
b  ak  b  a k  k  n  2 k  n  2 

b/a = 5
n = 0 (homogeneous case)
 = 0.25
n = 0 (homogeneous case)

n = 1/2

n=2 n=1
n=1
n=2
n=
1/2

b/a = 5
 = 0.25

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Nonhomogeneous Stress Concentration Around Stress
Free Hole in a Plane Under Uniform Biaxial Loading
Radial Gradation of Young’s Modulus, b/a Large
3.5

n
r b/a = 20 b/a = 20
E ( r )  Eo  
a  = 0.25 3  = 0.25
n = -0.2

Stress Concentration Factor, K

n = 0 (homogeneous case)
2.5
n = 0.2
homogeneous case
n = 0.4
2
n = 0.6

1.5

1
-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Power Law Exponent, n

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Point Force on Free Surface of Graded Half-Space
Choose depth dependent modulus E Eo z  Z
( 0, homogeneous case) X
Motivated from homogeneous problem try x
S r () S () S () C r
r  ,    ,  r  r  E Eo z 
r r r

U () U ()
u r  r  , u   
r r
dS r dS
Equilibrium Eqns   S 0,   Sr  0
d d
z
Solution: S r  A cos   B sin  , S   A sin   B cos 
Stress free boundary conditions   (r , 0 & ) r  ( r , 0 & ) 0  A B 0  S  S r 0
Solution details are given in text, and for normal loading case (X =0)
cos     
 r  ZF cos  ,   r 0 , 2 (1  )  1 
r  1   
(1   2 ) (1   2 )
ur  ZF cos  , u  ZF sin 
Eo r  Eo r  (1  )
2(1 ) (2  ) ((3    ) / 2)((3    ) / 2) 
where F  , ( z )  e t t z  1dt ... gamma function
 (3  ) 0

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Results Point Force on Graded Half-Space

α = 0 (homogeneous case)

α = 0.5 α=1

α=1 α = 0.5

α = 0 (homogeneous case)

cos   (1   2 )
 r  ZF cos  ur  ZF cos 
r Eo r 

Z Z

z z
α = 0 (Homogeneous Case ) α = 1 (Nonhomogeneous Case )

Radial Stress Contour Comparisons

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island
 Torsion of Nonhomogeneous Cylinder
Use cylindrical coordinate formulation with =(r)
a
ur u z 0 , u rz T
z

r   z rz r 0 , z r 

r S
R

d 

Incorporating Prandtl stress function  , z  x

dr y
l

Governing Compatibility Eqn:

1 d  r d 
   2 , (a) 0 on S
r dr   dr 
a
General solution: (r )   ()d 
r n = 1, m = 1
m
 n 
Particular gradation model: (r )  o  1  r  
 a  n = 0 (homogeneous case)
m
 n 
z  o r  1  r 
 a 
n = 1, m = -1
(other details and cases are considered in text)
n = 1, m = -3

Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics

M.H. Sadd , University of Rhode Island