Automat

ed
System
Definitio
n
A combination of software and
hardware that is designed and
programmed to work automatically
without the need of any human
intervention.
The hardware that are need in an
automated system are ...
The hardware that are need in an
automated system are ...

Sensor - Input devices that take readings from their surroundings

and send this data to a microprocessor or computer. If the data is
analogue, it is first converted into a digital format by an analogue-
digital converter (ADC)
The hardware that are need in an
automated system are ...

Sensor - Input devices that take readings from their surroundings

and send this data to a microprocessor or computer. If the data is
analogue, it is first converted into a digital format by an analogue-
digital converter (ADC)
Microprocessor - The microprocessor processrs the input from the
sensors (eg. check if input values exceed preset values). If
necessary, it will send instructions to other components such a
actuator.
The hardware that are need in an
automated system are ...

Sensor - Input devices that take readings from their surroundings

and send this data to a microprocessor or computer. If the data is
analogue, it is first converted into a digital format by an analogue-
digital converter (ADC)
Microprocessor - The microprocessor processrs the input from the
sensors (eg. check if input values exceed preset values). If
necessary, it will send instructions to other components such a
actuator.
Actuator - Turns electrical signals (sent by microprocessor) into
physical outputs such as movements (eg. turn on a valve, rotate
steering wheel).
 Station game

Your task: go to each station

and then explore the
different types of automated
system by filling up the
finding sheet
 Agriculture Weather

transport Gaming

Application of
automated system in
the real world
Industr lighting
y Science
 transport
Description
s:
Autonomous cars use sensors, cameras, actuators and microprocessors
(together with very complex algorithms) to carry out their actions safely.
Sensors (radar and ultrasonics) and cameras allow the control systems in
cars to perform critical functions by sensing the dynamic conditions on a
road. They act as the ‘eyes’ and ‘ears’ of the car.

Microprocessors process the data received from cameras and sensors and
send signals to actuators to perform physical actions, such as:
• change gear
• apply the brakes
• turn the steering wheel
transport
Advantages disAdvantage
s
• safer since human • very expensive
error is removed due system to set up in
to fewer accidents. the first place.
• better for the • the ever-present fear
environment since of hacking into the
vehicles will operate vehicle's control
more efficiently. system.
agriculture
Description
s:
automatic harversting of crops for supplying to shops and supermarkets.
sensors detect optimal times for harvesting based on factors such as
weather conditions, microprocessors determine exact locations for the
harvest and actuators are used to carry out the extraction of goods from
the ground.
agriculture

Advantage DisAdvantag
e
delivery of chemicals (pesticide fewer job opportunities as
and fertiliser) can be given humans are increasingly
accurately, which is important to replaced by machinery. the
the success of farming and crops. robots can also be expensive.
weather
Automated monitoring of weather at airports to help
predict poor flying and landing conditions. Sensors
check for potentially dangerous weather such as wind,
rain, fog or snow, microprocessors are programmed to
issue relevant
warnings as a result of the data gathered and
actuators can activate emergency systems such as
lighting
wherever required.
weather
advantage disadvantag
s about
Information Predictions es
can
the overhead sometimes be incorrect, for
weather conditions example if snow
is fed constantly to is forecast and does
air traffic controllers. not arrive.
gaming
The introduction of artificial intelligence as
opponents in computer games. Sensors are built
into gaming environments where characters
interact with human controllers, microprocessors
determine game outcomes and decisions, and
actuators are activated in controllers to give
haptic feedback, such as vibrations.
 gaming
advantage disadvantag
The depth ofsgaming essocial
decreases real
challenge interactions with other
is increased with computer- humans and can create an
generated opponents who almost fictional life.
behave in a 'human' way.
 lighting
lighting control systems in a house where
routines can be present based on
behaviours. sensors can detect ambient light
levels, microprocessors run routines based
on human requirements and actuators can
activate home equipment.
lighting
advantage disadvantage

system can be taught to systems can become

react to environmental complex as they are different
factors, such as switching from traditional switches. the
lights on and off when the lightbulbs and technology
conditions are correct. also tend to be expensive to
maintain.
 science
Automated laboratory experiments that can be carried out
continuously over many days. Sensors detect changes in
environmental conditions, microprocessors can calculate
required alterations to the experimental settings and actuators
can turn on heaters, coolers or water supplies as required.
science
advantage disadvantage

many more repetitions of if something goes wrong it

experiments and reading of can be several hours before
data can take place than this is discovered, which
when humans carry out tests could ruin any results
manually. collected.
 6.
Roboti
2
cs
 Rob
ot
"Robota" in Czech
meaning: Forced labour
Definitio
the term "robotic" means
n
the design, construction and
operation of robots that are
used to enhance our
working and personal lives.
Characteristics of a
• Itrobot
has electrical
components
- A robot should have a combination
of sensors, a microprocessor and
actuators
- Sensors sense the surrounding,
microprocessor processes the input
data, and actuators do the work
Characteristics of a
robot
2. It has mechanical
structures
- it should be a machinery that has
movable parts
- Eg. They can make use of wheels,
cogs, pistons, gears (etc.) to carry out
functions such as turning, twisting,
moving backwards/forwards, gripping
or lifting
Characteristics of a
robot
3. It is programmable
- Robots have brain known as a
controller that determines the action
to be taken to perform a certain task
- Controllers
• Rely on input data from the
sensors
• Are programmable to allow the
robots to do certain tasks
• It has electrical
components
Based on the definition
2. It has mechanical of a robot, is chat-bot a
structures
3. It is programmable robot?
• It has electrical
components
No, because chat-bot
2. It has mechanical does not have
structures
3. It is programmable mechanical structure.
Knowled
ge robots and
software
hardware robots are
different.

strictly speaking, software

robots are not robot as they
don't have the above
characteristics.
 Knowled
ge
• independent robots - have no direct
human control (they are said to be
autonomous, for example, an
autonomous vehicle)
• dependent robots - have a human
who is interfacing directly with the
robot (the human interface may be
a computer or a control panel)
 Robotics are used in the
following fields:

Agricultur medici
e ne
transport domest
ic
industry Entertainmen
t
 Agricultur research task
e research the usage of
transport
robotic in any field (choose
industry one). explain how it works
medici from what you understand.
ne then, state the advantage
domest and disadvantage of using
ic robotic in that field.
Entertainmen
t
 industry Advantage(s)
Description : • Robots are capable of working in conditions
that may be hazardous to humans
s:
Robots are equipped with sensors so they can
• Robots work 24/7 without the need to stop
gather important information about their
surroundings and also preventing them from
doing ‘stupid things’; for example, stopping a
robot spraying a car if no car is present, or stop
disAdvantage(
the spraying operation if the supply of paint has
run out, and so on. s):• robots can lead to higher unemployment
amongst manual labour tasks
Examples of tasks perform: • there is a risk of deskilling when robots take
- Paint spraying of car bodies over certain tasks.
- Welding bodyworks on cars
- Manufacturing of microchips
- Manufacturing electrical goods
- Automatic warehouse
 transport
Description
s:
Autonomous cars use sensors, cameras, actuators and microprocessors
(together with very complex algorithms) to carry out their actions safely.
Sensors (radar and ultrasonics) and cameras allow the control systems in
cars to perform critical functions by sensing the dynamic conditions on a
road. They act as the ‘eyes’ and ‘ears’ of the car.

Microprocessors process the data received from cameras and sensors and
send signals to actuators to perform physical actions, such as:
• change gear
• apply the brakes
• turn the steering wheel
transport
Advantages disAdvantage
s
• safer since human • very expensive
error is removed due system to set up in
to fewer accidents. the first place.
• better for the • the ever-present fear
environment since of hacking into the
vehicles will operate vehicle's control
more efficiently. system.
agriculture
Description
s:Robots could replace slow, repetitive and dull tasks allowing farmers to
concentrate on improving production yields.
Five areas where robotics could play a big role:
• Harvesting and picking - they are more accurate (only pick ripe fruit,
for example) and much faster at harvesting
• Weed management - weed management robots can distinguish
between a weed and crop using AI
• Phenotyping - Process of observing physical characteristics of a plant
in order to assess its health and growth
• Seed planting drones and fertiliser distribution
• Autonomous agriculture devices (grass mowers, weeding, seeding
robots, fertilisers spraying)
agriculture

Advantage DisAdvantag
e
delivery of chemicals (pesticide fewer job opportunities as
and fertiliser) can be given humans are increasingly
accurately, which is important to replaced by machinery. the
the success of farming and crops. robots can also be expensive.
 medicine
Description
s:Robots can be used during surgeries to perform complex procedures
with more precision, flexibility and control. They can also be used to
monitor vital life data, in research and development such as tissue
engineering, in the replacement of limbs such as bionic prosthetics and
to simulate certain medical environments and tasks for training
purpose.

Robots can take blood samples from patients:

– less painful to patients since the robot is better at determining a ‘good
vein’ – safer to doctors and nurses if the patient has an infectious
disease
– doctors and nurses can be freed up to do more skilled work
medicine

Advantage DisAdvantag
surgery can take less time, which this technologyeis expensive and
improves the chances of recovery has to be tested extensively in
for the patient research before it is used on
humans
domestic
Description
s:
Traditional household appliances like vacuum
cleaners and lawnmowers are being replaced by
robotic versions.

Examples:
• Autonomous vacuum cleaner
• Autonomous grass cutter
• Personal assistant (eg. Alexa)
domestic

Advantage DisAdvantag
robots can quickly learn the e
this can encourage a more
environment. they can be sedentary lifestyle.
programmed to work at
convenient times
entertainme
nt
Description
s:The use of robots in the entertainment industry is increasing. They are now found in
areas such as
• Entertainment parks and arenas/venues
• The film and TV industry.

Entertainment parks - Theme parks are now using autonomous robots to entertain
visitors to the park; these robots (often dressed as cartoon characters) can interact with
visitors to allow them to engage safely with the theme park attractions and make the
whole experience ‘more realistic’.

The film and TV industry - Use of robots to control cameras; for example, keeping them
steady and auto-focusing when moving around a scene; the movie Gravity used many
robots to operate cameras, props and the actors (for example, to give an actor the
appearance of moving around in the vacuum of space uncontrollably, robot arms were
used to simulate human behaviour and produce life-like moving images)
entertainme
nt
Advantage disAdvanta
ge
film can be presented in fewer job opportunities as
ways that a human would not humans are increasingly
be able to normally see due replace by machinery.
to robotic technology.
 sensor
microprocess environme
or
s
end nt
controller progra
effectors
m
repetitiv intelligenc
e e
E X A M Q U E S T I O N ( M A RC H 1 9 )
E X A M Q U E S T I O N ( M A RC H 1 9 )
 Chapter 6.3

Artificial
Intelligenc
e
AI DEFINITION
A branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of

INTELLIGENT human behaviour (reasoning, speech, sight) by a computer.

WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
 ACTIVITY (5
Work in pair,MINUTES)
write down the thought
process of how would you plan your
class outing.
 Okay, who is Okay, what's Okay, what's Where?..
going with their their to be
us.? hobbies? hobbies? continue

The thought process that you might have ...

 Okay, who is Okay, what's Okay, what's Where?..
going with their their to be
us.? hobbies? hobbies? continue

When we are designing an ai system, we are

essentially instilling our thought process onto a
machine
How does AI
reason?
 Method 1: Draw a reasoned conclusion
based on given data

price
(k$)
50
0
30
0
sqrt feet (M)
80
0
example: Predicting the price of a
house using the sqrt metre
 Method 1: Draw a reasoned conclusion
based on given data

price
(k$)
around here

50
0
30
0
sqrt feet (M)
80
0
We can predict the house price
using insight from data points
 Method 1: Draw a reasoned conclusion
based on given data

price
(k$)
around here

50
0
30
0
sqrt feet (M)
80
out of syllabus: this method is0known
as linear regression in machine
 Method 2: By carrying out a sequence of steps (asking some
questions), the AI machine can learn, and next time it will
know how to do the task more effectively and even apply it to
a novel/new situation

does he close conclusion:

fever?
cough? contact? Covid
positive
 method 3: AI can quickly discern patterns and then
make predictions by adapting to the new data

$5000
suspicious...
0

$500

example: fraud detection system based on spending

 ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE

CATEGORY 2:
MACHINE
LEARNING

CATEGORY 1:
EXPERT
SYSTEM
 ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE

CATEGORY 2:
MACHINE
LEARNING

CATEGORY 1:
EXPERT
SYSTEM
EXPERT SYSTEM

A computer system that mimics the decision-making

ability of a human. it simulates the judgement (using
knowledge and experience) and behaviour of a human
or organisation that has expert knowledge and
experience.
EXPERT SYSTEM
let us try out an expert system
STRUCTURE OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM
USER
INTERFACE

USER INTERFACE

How a user communicates and

interacts with the expert system.
INTERACT
The system will often ask
questions that require an answer
or a button press.
STRUCTURE OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM
USER
INTERFACE KNOWLEDGE BASE

Stores all the knowledge

about an area of
expertise obtained from a
number of expert
resources
INTERACT
STRUCTURE OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM
USER
INTERFACE KNOWLEDGE BASE

INTERACT

A set of inference
rules Used by
inference engine to
draw conclusion

RULE BASE
STRUCTURE OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM
USER
INTERFACE KNOWLEDGE BASE

INTERACT

INFERENCE BASE
STRUCTURE OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM
USER
INTERFACE KNOWLEDGE BASE

• Searches the
knowledge base for
information/data
INTERACT
that matches the
queries
• Make use of
inference rule in the
rule base
• produce possible
solutions
INFERENCE to a
ENGINE RULE BASE
STRUCTURE OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM
USER EXPLANATION
INTERFACE SYSTEM KNOWLEDGE BASE

types of
conclusion given:
• suggested
action to take
INTERACT • accuracy of its
prediction

INFERENCE ENGINE RULE BASE

STRUCTURE OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM
USER EXPLANATION
INTERFACE SYSTEM KNOWLEDGE BASE

INTERACT

INFERENCE ENGINE RULE BASE

EXAMPLE(1) OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM

MEDICAL
DIAGNOSIS
USER EXPLANATION
INTERFACE SYSTEM KNOWLEDGE BASE

SUGGEST LIBRARY OF
POSSIBLE SYMPTOM
DISEASE AND RELATIONS
ACTION STEPS TO DISEASE

INTERACT

IF USER HAS
MULTIPLE
SYMPTOMS,
SUGGEST
DISEASE
INFERENCE ENGINE RULE BASE
EXAMPLE(2) OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM

ROUTE SCHEDULING FOR DELIVERY

SERVICE USER
INTERFACE
EXPLANATION
SYSTEM KNOWLEDGE BASE

SUGGEST THE NUMBER OF

BEST ROUTE ROUTES, PARCELS
TO BE TAKEN AND DELIVERY
POINTS

INTERACT

IF TRAFFIC
JAM, DON'T
PICK THAT
ROUTE

INFERENCE ENGINE RULE BASE

EXAMPLE(3) OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM

DIAGNOSIS OF BREAST CANCER

USER EXPLANATION
INTERFACE SYSTEM KNOWLEDGE BASE

PREDICT MAMMOGRAPHYS
PROBABILITY OF A WITH ALL TYPES OF
PERSON GETTING CANCERS /
BREAST CANCER NORMAL
MAMMOGRAPHY
INTERACT

IF HUGEWHITE
SPOTS ARE
OBSERVED,
CATEGORISE AS
CANCEL
INFERENCE ENGINE RULE BASE
EXAMPLE(3) OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM

DIAGNOSIS OF BREAST CANCER

KNOWLEDGE BASE

MAMMOGRAPHYS
WITH ALL TYPES OF
CANCERS /
NORMAL
MAMMOGRAPHY
 OTHER EXAMPLES OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM

• MINERAL PROSPECTING
• PLANT AND ANIMAL IDENTIFICATION
• FINANCIAL PLANNING
• CAR ENGINE FAULT SYSTEMS
• BANK LOAN APPROVAL SYSTEM
 ACTIVITY (30
Work in pair, MINUTES)
find one example of an
expert system. use the software, and
then states its advantages and
disadvantages (if have)
 EXPERT SYSTEM
Advantages
1. HIGH LEVEL OF EXPERTISE
2. HIGH ACCURACY
3. CONSISTENT RESULT
4. HAVE THE ABILITY TO STORE VAST AMOUNTS OF IDEAS AND FACTS
5. THEY HAVE VERY FAST RESPONSE TIME

Disadvantages
1. SET UP AND MAINTENANCE COSTS ARE VERY HIGH
2. THEY ARE ONLY AS GOOD AS THE INFORMATION ENTERED INTO THE SYSTEM
 ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE

CATEGORY 2:
MACHINE
LEARNING

CATEGORY 1:
EXPERT
SYSTEM
MACHINE LEARNING

This is the science of training computers with sample

data so that they can go on to make predictions about
new unseen data, without the need to specifically
program them for the new data.
MACHINE LEARNING

Algorithms are ‘trained’ and learn from their past

experiences and examples. They don’t need to be
specifically programmed. They can make predictions
about new unseen data.
EXAMPLE (1)
SPAM FILTER

"CONGRATULATION, YOU HAVE WON 2

MILLIONS DOLLAR $$$ IN THE NATIONAL
LOTTERY. SIGN UP AS OUR MEMBER NOW
TO REDEEM YOUR PRIZE"

"HOW DO WE TEACH THE MACHINE THAT

THIS EMAIL IS INDEED A SPAM EMAIL?"
PROCESS

A MACHINE
LEARNING
ALGORITHM
COLLECTS
DATA ABOUT
EMAILS
PROCESS "CONGRATULATION,
YOU HAVE WON 2
MILLIONS DOLLAR $$$
IN THE NATIONAL
LOTTERY. SIGN UP AS
OUR MEMBER NOW TO
REDEEM YOUR PRIZE"

A MACHINE CARRIES OUT

LEARNING A CLEANING
ALGORITHM PROCESS TO "CONGRATULATION,
COLLECTS REMOVE WON 2 MILLIONS
DOLLAR $$$ NATIONAL
DATA ABOUT STOP WORDS
LOTTERY SIGN UP OUR
EMAILS (THE, AN, A)
MEMBER NOW REDEEM
PRIZE"
PROCESS

A MACHINE CARRIES OUT CERTAIN WORDS/ PHRASES ARE

LEARNING A CLEANING FREQUENTLY USED IN EMAIL THAT
ALGORITHM PROCESS TO COULD INDICATE THAT THE
COLLECTS REMOVE INCOMING EMAIL IS VERY LIKELY TO
DATA ABOUT STOP WORDS BE SPAM
EMAILS (THE, AN, A) (LOTTERY, EARN, FULL-REFUND).
PROCESS THE MACHINE LEARNING MODEL
IS BUILT AND A TRAINING DATA
SET IS USED TO TRAIN THE MODEL
AND MAKE IT USING PAST EMAILS
KNOWN THE BE SPAM. ONCE IT IS
EVALUATED, THE MODEL IS FINE-
TUNED AND TESTED LIVE

A MACHINE CARRIES OUT CERTAIN WORDS/ PHRASES ARE

LEARNING A CLEANING FREQUENTLY USED IN EMAIL THAT
ALGORITHM PROCESS TO COULD INDICATE THAT THE
COLLECTS REMOVE INCOMING EMAIL IS VERY LIKELY TO
DATA ABOUT STOP WORDS BE SPAM
EMAILS (THE, AN, A) (LOTTERY, EARN, FULL-REFUND).
EXAMPLE (2)
AUTO TAG -
PHOTOGRAPH
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE EXPERT
SYSTEM AND MACHINE LEARNING

CATEGORY 1: CATEGORY 2:
EXPERT THE MAIN DIFFERENCE IS
MACHINE
THAT EXPERT SYSTEMS ARE RULE
SYSTEM BASED SYSTEMS WHILE MODERN LEARNING
MACHINE LEARNING (ML) ARE
BASED ON STATISTICAL MODELING
OF DATA. THAT IS, AN EXPERT
SYSTEM USES IF-THEN STATEMENTS
WHEN DOING INFERENCE WHILE AN
ML SYSTEM PROJECTS THE INPUT
INTO SOME MODEL SPACE.