About the Presentations
• The presentations cover the objectives found in the
opening of each chapter.
• All chapter objectives are listed in the beginning of
each presentation.
• You may customize the presentations to fit your
class needs.
• Some figures from the chapters are included. A
complete set of images from the book can be found
on the Instructor Resources disc.
©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Oracle 12c: SQL
Chapter 11
Group Functions
©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Objectives
• Differentiate between single-row and multiple-
row functions
• Use the SUM and AVG functions for numeric
calculations
• Use the COUNT function to return the number
of records containing non-NULL values
• Use COUNT(*) to include records containing
NULL values
• Use the MIN and MAX functions with
nonnumeric fields
©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 3
Objectives (continued)
• Determine when to use the GROUP BY clause
to group data
• Identify when the HAVING clause should be
used
• List the order of precedence for evaluating
WHERE, GROUP BY, and HAVING clauses
• State the maximum depth for nesting group
functions
• Nest a group function inside of a single-row
function
©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 4
Objectives (continued)
• Calculate the standard deviation and variance
of a set of data, using the STDDEV and
VARIANCE functions
• Explain the concept of multidimensional
analysis
• Perform enhanced aggregation grouping with
the GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP
• Use composite columns and concatenated
groupings in grouping operations
©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5
Group Functions
• Return one result per group of rows processed
• Are also called multiple-row and aggregate
functions
• All group functions ignore NULL values except
COUNT(*)
• Use DISTINCT to suppress duplicate values
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Added Clauses
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SUM Function
• Calculates total amount stored in a numeric
column for a group of rows
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AVG Function
• Calculates the average of numeric values in
a specified column
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COUNT Function
• Two purposes
– Count non-NULL values
– Count total records, including those with NULL
values
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COUNT Function –
Non-NULL Values
• Include column name in argument to count
number of occurrences
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COUNT Function –
NULL Values
• Include asterisk in argument to count number
of rows
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MAX Function
• Returns largest value
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MIN Function
• Returns the smallest value
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Datatypes
• The COUNT, MIN, and MAX functions can be used
on values with character, numeric, and date
datatypes
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Grouping Data
• GROUP BY clause
– Used to group data
– Must be used for any individual column in the
SELECT clause with a group function
– Cannot reference column aliases
©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 16
GROUP BY Example
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Common Error
• A common
error is missing
a GROUP BY
clause for
nonaggregated
columns in the
SELECT clause
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Restricting Aggregated Output
• HAVING clause serves as the WHERE clause for
grouped data
©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 19
Restricting Aggregated Output
(continued)
• When included in the same SELECT statement,
the clauses are evaluated in the order of:
– WHERE
– GROUP BY
– HAVING
©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 20
Restricting Aggregated Output
(continued)
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Nesting Functions
• Inner function is resolved first
• Maximum nesting depth: 2
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Statistical Group Functions
• Based on normal distribution
• Includes:
– STDDEV
– VARIANCE
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STDDEV Function
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VARIANCE Function
• Determines data dispersion within a group
©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 25
Enhanced Aggregation for Reporting
• Oracle provides extensions to the GROUP BY
clause, which allow both aggregation across
multiple dimensions or the generation of
increasing levels of subtotals with a single
SELECT statement
• A dimension is a term used to describe any
category used in analyzing data, such as time,
geography, and product line
• Each dimension could contain various levels of
aggregation; for example, the time dimension
may include aggregation by month, quarter,
and year
©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 26
Excel Pivot Table Example
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Excel Pivot Table Example (continued)
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Grouping Sets
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CUBE
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ROLLUP
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Pattern Matching
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Summary
• The AVG, SUM, STDDEV, and VARIANCE
functions are used only with numeric fields
• The COUNT, MAX, and MIN functions can be
applied to any datatype
• The AVG, SUM, MAX, MIN, STDDEV, and
VARIANCE functions all ignore NULL values
• By default, the AVG, SUM, MAX, MIN, COUNT,
STDDEV, and VARIANCE functions include
duplicate values
©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 33
Summary (continued)
• The GROUP BY clause is used to divide table data into
groups
• If a SELECT clause contains both an individual field
name and a group function, the field name must also be
included in a GROUP BY clause
• The HAVING clause is used to restrict groups in a
group function
• Group functions can be nested to a depth of only two.
The inner function is always performed first, using the
specified grouping. The results of the inner function are
used as input for the outer function.
©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 34
Summary (continued)
• The STDDEV and VARIANCE functions are used to perform
statistical analyses on a set of data
• GROUPING SETS operations can be used to perform multiple
GROUP BY aggregations with a single query
• The CUBE extension of the GROUP BY calculates
aggregations for all possible combinations or groupings of
columns included
• The ROLLUP extension of the GROUP BY calculates
increasing levels of accumulated subtotals for the column list
provided
• Composite columns and concatenated groupings can be used
in GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP operations
• The GROUP_ID function helps eliminate duplicate grouping
results
©2016. Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 35
