Normalization (Cont.
)
Lecture - Objectives
First Normal Form
Partial Dependency
Second Normal Form
Transitive Dependency
Third Normal Form
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First Normal Form
A relation that has a primary key
and in which there are no
repeating groups.
No multivalued attributes
A primary key has been defined
All relations are in 1st Normal Form
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Table with multivalued attributes, not in 1st normal form
Note: this is NOT a relation
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Table with no multivalued attributes and unique rows, in 1st
normal form
Note: this is relation, but not a well-structured one
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Partial Functional
Dependency
A functional dependency in which one or
more nonkey attributes are functionally
dependent on part (but not all) of the
primary key.
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Second Normal Form
1NF PLUS every non-key
attribute is fully functionally
dependent on the ENTIRE
primary key
Every non-key attribute must be
defined by the entire key, not by only
part of the key
No partial functional dependencies
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Functional dependency diagram for INVOICE
Order_ID Order_Date, Customer_ID, Customer_Name, Customer_Address
Customer_ID Customer_Name, Customer_Address
Product_ID Product_Description, Product_Finish, Unit_Price
Order_ID, Product_ID Order_Quantity
Therefore, NOT in 2nd Normal Form
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To convert a relation with partial
dependencies to second normal form, the
following steps are required:
1. Create a new relation for each primary key
attribute (or combination of attributes)
that
is a determinant in a partial dependency.
That attribute is the primary key in the new
relation.
2. Move the nonkey attributes that are only
dependent on this primary key attribute
(or 9
Figure 5-28 Removing partial dependencies
Getting it into
Second Normal
Form
Partial dependencies are removed, but there
are still transitive dependencies
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Transitive Dependency
A functional dependency between the
primary key and one or more nonkey
attributes that are dependent on the primary
key via another nonkey attribute.
For example, there are two transitive
dependencies in the CUSTOMER ORDER
relation.
OrderID → CustomerID → CustomerName
OrderID → CustomerID →
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Transitive dependencies in CUSTOMER
ORDER relation
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Third Normal Form
2NF PLUS no transitive
dependencies (functional
dependencies on non-primary-key
attributes)
Solution: Non-key determinant with
transitive dependencies go into a
new table; non-key determinant
becomes primary key in the new
table and stays as foreign key in the
old table
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REMOVING TRANSITIVE DEPENDENCIES
Three-step procedure:
1. For each nonkey attribute (or set of
attributes)
that is a determinant in a relation, create a
new
relation. That attribute (or set of attributes)
becomes the primary key of the new relation.
2. Move all of the attributes that are functionally
dependent only on the primary key of the
new
relation from the old to the new relation.
3. Leave the attribute that serves as a primary
key
in the new relation in the old relation to serve
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Figure: Removing transitive
dependencies
Getting it into
Third Normal
Form
Transitive dependencies are removed
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Thanks
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