Digital Image Processing

Intensity Transformation and Spatial

Filtering

Prepared By: Dr. Anirban Bose

Dept. of CSE
Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur
 Spatial Filtering

A spatial filter consists of (a) a neighborhood, and

(b) a predefined operation

Linear spatial filtering of an image of size MxN with

a filter of size mxn is given by the expression

a b
w( x, y ) f ( x, y )    w( s, t ) f ( x  s, y  t )
s  a t  b

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Spatial Filtering

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 1 -1
-2 3
11 3 6 1 -1 11 3 6

9 5 7 -2 3 9 5 7

8 2 2 Kernel 8 2 2
Spatial
Image 1 -1 Filtering 11x1+3x(-1)+9x(-2)+5x3
-2 3 =5
11 3 6 11 3 6

9 5 7 9 5 7

8 2 2 8 2 2
1 -1
-2 3
3x1+6x(-1)+5x(-2)+7x3 =
8
11 3 6 5x1+7x(-1)+2x(-2)+2x3 = 0
9 5 7
5 8
8 2 2
1 -1 -6 0
-2 3
Filtered
Image
9x1+5x(-1)+8x(-2)+2x3 = -
6 4
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 Smoothing Spatial Filters

Smoothing filters are used for blurring and for noise

reduction

Blurring is used in removal of small details and

bridging of small gaps in lines or curves

Smoothing spatial filters include linear filters and

nonlinear filters.

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 Spatial Smoothing Linear Filters

The general implementation for filtering an M N image

with a weighted averaging filter of size m n is given
a b

  w(s, t ) f ( x  s, y  t )
g ( x, y )  s  a t  b a b

  w( s, t )
s  a t  b

where m 2a  1, n 2b  1.

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Two Smoothing Averaging Filter Masks

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 Order-statistic Filters

— Nonlinear
— Based on ordering (ranking) the pixels contained
in the filter mask
— Replacing the value of the center pixel with the
value determined by the ranking result.
E.g., median filter, max filter, min filter

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 Sharpening Spatial Filters
► To highlight finer details in an image or to enhance
detail that has been blurred, either due to some
error or as a natural effect of a particular method of
image acquisition.

► Foundation

► Laplacian Operator

► Unsharp Masking and High-boost Filtering

► Using First-Order Derivatives for Nonlinear Image

Sharpening — The Gradient
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 Sharpening Spatial Filters: Foundation

► The first-order derivative of a one-dimensional

function f(x) is the difference

f
 f ( x  1)  f ( x)
x

► The second-order derivative of f(x) as the difference

2 f
2
 f ( x  1)  f ( x  1)  2 f ( x)
x

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Sharpening Spatial Filters: Laplace Operator

The second-order isotropic derivative operator is the

Laplacian for a function (image) f(x,y)

2 2
2  f  f
 f  2  2
x y
2 f
2
 f ( x  1, y )  f ( x  1, y )  2 f ( x, y )
x
2 f
2
 f ( x, y  1)  f ( x, y  1)  2 f ( x, y )
y
2 f  f ( x  1, y )  f ( x  1, y )  f ( x, y  1)  f ( x, y  1)
- 4 f ( x, y )
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Sharpening Spatial Filters: Laplace Operator

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Sharpening Spatial Filters: Laplace Operator

Image sharpening in the way of using the Laplacian:

𝑔(𝑥,𝑦)=𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)+𝑐 [ ∇ 𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)] 2
If the center coefficient of
the Laplacian mask is

{
2 negative
𝑓 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 ) − ∇ 𝑓 (𝑥 , 𝑦)
𝑔 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 )= 2
𝑓 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 ) +∇ 𝑓 (𝑥 , 𝑦 )
If the center coefficient of
the Laplacian mask is
positive
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 Blurred Image of
North Pole of Moon

Laplacian with Laplacian without

scaling scaling

Sharpened Sharpened
Image using Image using
Laplacian with Laplacian with-
scaling Out scaling
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Unsharp Masking and Highboost Filtering

► Unsharp masking
Sharpen images consists of subtracting an unsharp
(smoothed) version of an image from the original image
e.g., printing and publishing industry

► Steps
1. Blur the original image
2. Subtract the blurred image from the original
3. Add the mask to the original

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 Unsharp Masking and Highboost Filtering

Let f ( x, y ) denote the blurred image, unsharp masking is

g mask ( x, y )  f ( x, y )  f ( x, y )
Then add a weighted portion of the mask back to the original
g ( x, y )  f ( x, y )  k * g mask ( x, y ) k 0

when k  1, the process is referred to as highboost filtering.

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Unsharp Masking and Highboost Filtering:
Example

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 Image Sharpening based on First-Order
Derivatives
For function f ( x, y ), the gradient of f at coordinates ( x, y )
is defined as
 f 
 g x   x 
f grad( f )    
 g y   f 
 y 
The magnitude of vector f , denoted as M ( x, y)
Gradient Image M ( x, y) mag(f )  g x 2  g y 2
M ( x, y ) | g x |  | g y |
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Image Sharpening based on First-Order
Derivatives

Roberts Cross
Gradient Operators

Sobel
Operators

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 Sobel Roberts Example

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Example:

Combining
Spatial
Enhancement
Methods

Goal:

Enhance the
image by
sharpening it
and by
bringing out
more of the
skeletal detail
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Example:

Combining
Spatial
Enhancement
Methods

Goal:

Enhance the
image by
sharpening it
and by
bringing out
more of the
skeletal detail
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