UNIT I

INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
 Wireless Communication
• Wireless communication refers to the transfer of information
between two or more points without the use of physical wires, cables,
or other electrical conductors.
• Instead, it utilizes electromagnetic waves, such as radio frequencies,
infrared, or satellite signals, to transmit data.
• This allows for connectivity and communication between devices over
short or long distances without physical connections.
• The information can be anything that can be digitized, such as voice,
text, pictures, and video.
• The term "wireless" implies a broad range of technologies, including
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks, satellite communication, and
more.
• Each of these technologies operates on different frequencies and has
different characteristics, making them suitable for different
applications.
 Examples
• Common examples of wireless communication include:
1. Cellular networks: Used for mobile phone communication.
2. Wi-Fi: Enables wireless internet access in homes, offices, and public
spaces.
3. Bluetooth: Used for short-range wireless connections between
devices, such as headphones and smartphones.
4. Satellite communication: Used for long-distance communication,
including television broadcasting and internet access in remote
areas.
 Explanation of Wireless
Communication
• Wireless communication works by transmitting information through
the air using electromagnetic waves.
• These waves can travel through space and even through some objects,
allowing devices to communicate without being physically connected.
• The process begins when a device, such as a mobile phone or
computer, sends a signal to a wireless transmitter.
• This transmitter then converts the signal into an electromagnetic wave
and sends it out into the air.
• The wave travels through the air until it reaches a receiver, which
converts it back into a signal that the receiving device can understand.
 Application of Wireless
Communication
• Wireless communication is used in a vast array of applications, from
personal devices to large-scale infrastructure.
• These include mobile phones, satellite communication, Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, wireless sensor networks, and wireless power transfer.
 Personal and Mobile
Communication
1. Cell Phones: Enable voice calls, text messaging, internet access, and
various other applications on the go.
2. Bluetooth: Connects devices like headphones, speakers, keyboards,
and mice wirelessly.
3. Wi-Fi: Provides wireless internet access in homes, offices, and
public spaces.
4. GPS: Allows for location tracking and navigation in vehicles and
mobile devices.
5. Cordless Telephones: Offer limited-range wireless communication
for voice calls within a specific area.
Large-Scale Communication and
Infrastructure
1. Satellite Communication: Used for television broadcasting, internet
access, and long-distance communication.
2. Wireless Sensor Networks: Deploy sensors for monitoring
environmental conditions, traffic flow, and other data in various
locations.
3. Wireless Power Transfer: Enables charging of devices like phones,
electric toothbrushes, and even medical implants without physical
cables.
4. Internet of Things (IoT): Connects various devices and systems to the
internet, enabling smart homes, smart cities, and industrial
automation.
 Types of Wireless
Communication
• Wireless Communication is broadly classified into 4 types:
1. Satellite Communication
2. Infrared Communication
3. Broadcast Communication
4. Microwave Communication
 Satellite Communication
• Satellite communication is one type of self-contained wireless
communication technology; it is widely spread all over the world to
allow users to stay connected almost anywhere on the earth.
• When the signal (a beam of modulated microwave) is sent near the
satellite then, the satellite amplifies the signal and sent it back to the
antenna receiver which is located on the surface of the earth.
• Satellite communication contains two main components like the
space segment and the ground segment.
• The ground segment consists of fixed or mobile transmission,
reception, and ancillary equipment and the space segment, which
mainly is the satellite itself.
 Infrared Communication
• Infrared wireless communication communicates information in a
device or system through IR radiation.
• IR is electromagnetic energy at a wavelength that is longer than that
of red light.
• It is used for security control, TV remote control, and short-range
communications.
• In the electromagnetic spectrum, IR radiation lies between
microwaves and visible light. So, they can be used as a source of
communication.
• For successful infrared communication, a photo LED transmitter and a
photodiode receptor are required.
• The LED transmitter transmits the IR signal in the form of nonvisible
light, that is captured and saved by the photoreceptor.
• So, the information between the source and the target is transferred
in this way.
• The source and destination can be mobile phones, TVs, security
systems, laptops, etc. support wireless communication.
 Broadcast Radio
• The first wireless communication technology is open radio
communication to seek out widespread use, and it still serves a
purpose nowadays.
• Handy multichannel radios permit a user to speak over short
distances, whereas citizen’s band and maritime radios offer
communication services for sailors.
• Radio enthusiasts share data and function emergency communication
aids throughout disasters with their powerful broadcasting gear, and
can even communicate digital information over the radio frequency
spectrum.
• Mostly an audio broadcasting service, radio broadcasts sound through
the air as radio waves.
• The radio uses a transmitter that is used to transmit the data in the form
of radio waves to a receiving antenna(Different Types of Antennas).
• To broadcast common programming, stations are associated with the
radio networks.
• The broadcast happens either in simulcast or syndication or both.
• Radio broadcasting may be done via cable FM, the net, and satellites.
• A broadcast sends information over long distances at up to two
megabits/Sec (AM/FM Radio).
• Radio waves are electromagnetic signals, that are transmitted by an
antenna.
• These waves have completely different frequency segments, and you
will be ready to obtain an audio signal by changing into a frequency
segment.
• For example, consider a radio station.
• When the RJ says you are listening to 92.7 BIG FM, what he really
means is that signals are being broadcasted at a frequency of
92.7megahertz, which successively means the transmitter at the
station is periodic at a frequency of 92.700,000 cycles/second.
• When you would like to listen to 92.7 BIG FM, all you have to do is
tune the radio to just accept that specific frequency and you will
receive perfect audio reception.
 Microwave Communication
• Microwave wireless communication is an effective type of
communication, mainly this transmission uses radio waves, and the
wavelengths of radio waves are measured in centimeters.
• In this communication, the data or information can be transfers using
two methods.
• One is the satellite method and another one is a terrestrial method.
• In the satellite method, the data can be transmitted through a
satellite, that orbit 22,300 miles above the earth.
• Stations on the earth send and receive data signals from the satellite
with a frequency ranging from 11GHz-14GHz and with a transmission
speed of 1Mbps to 10Mbps.
• In the terrestrial method, in which two microwave towers with a clear
line of sight between them are used, ensuring no obstacles to disrupt
the line of sight.
• So, it is used often for the purpose of privacy.
• The frequency range of the terrestrial system is typically 4GHz-6GHz
and with a transmission speed is usually 1Mbps to 10Mbps.
• The main disadvantage of microwave signals is, they can be affected
by bad weather, especially rain.
Evolution of Mobile
Communications
Generation of Cellular Networks
• Cellular network generations refer to the different phases in the
evolution of mobile telecommunications technology, each
characterized by specific standards and capabilities.
• The generations are numbered sequentially, starting with 1G and
progressing to the most recent, 5G.
• Each generation offers improvements in speed, capacity, and features
compared to its predecessor.
 1G (1st Generation)
• 1G was introduced in the USA.
• The first generation is the initial step to today's technology and was
introduced in the year the 1980s.
• Using the 1G technology, we can only make voice calls.
• The data is transmitted between the devices using analog signals.
• Out of the two types of frequency modulation, analog Frequency
modulation is used and modulates the data signals in the form of sine
waves.
 Features of 1G
• The Operating frequency of 1G is 800 MHz and 900 MHz.
• First-time calling was introduced in mobile systems.
• It used analog signals
• The Maximum rate of speed can be up to 2.5Kbps.
• The Capacity of data to transmit via 1G will have a bandwidth of 30
KHz.
 Drawbacks of 1G
• The coverage area was small.
• No roaming support between various operators.
• Only the voice can be transmitted in 1G
• Low sound quality.
• Mobile Phones cannot have a long life in battery usage and are very
bigger which is very difficult to carry.
 2G (2nd Generation)
• 2G was introduced in Finland.
• To have advancement over the 1G, the GSM (Global System for
Mobile Communication) was introduced.
• In the current technology, every system has the basis of GSM.
• This generation is responsible for the upgradation from voice calls to
MMS (Multimedia Messaging System) and SMS (Short Message
Systems).
 Features of 2G
• Shifted from analog to digital.
• It supported voice and SMS both.
• 2G WLAN provided a high data rate & large area coverage.
• The Digital frequency modulation or digital communication technique
is used to transmit the data in the form of 0's and 1's of 1.8GHz.
• The data speed of 2G is nearly up to 64 Kbps.
• This generation is responsible for using the internet at a low speed
using GPRS.
 Drawbacks of 2G
• It needs strong network coverage for data transmission.
• Even though it helps in sending messages, it cannot handle videos for
transmission.
 2.5G and 2.75G
• Before moving to 3G technology, various data transfer technologies
were involved in increasing the data rate.
• 2.5G came after 2G which used the concept of GPRS with a high data
rate of 171kbps.
• Streaming was also introduced and mail services too.
• Then came 2.75G or EDGE which was faster in providing services than
2.5G with an increased data rate of up to 473.6 Kbps.
• It gave faster internet speed up to 128kbps and also used edge
connection.
 Features of 2.5G and 2.75G

• It supports Email transmission and Internet browsing and also

features cameras in cellular phones.
 3G (3rd Generation)
• 3G was introduced in Japan.
• It comes with data transfer technology such as UMTS (Universal
Mobile Terrestrials System) for use in smartphones.
• With this feature, we can have the video calling option and play
games online on cellular phones.
 Features of 3G
• It supports both voice and data with a data rate of 3.1 Mbps.
• The Internet Service provided is broadcast.
• Better system and capacity.
• Offers high-speed wireless internet.
• The connection used was UMTS and WCMA.
• It has high security and international roaming.
 Drawbacks of 3G
• The power consumption of using 3G technology is high.
• It provides a wider capacity for data transmission at a faster speed.
• The time taken to download via 3G is faster and more expensive to
buy
 4G (4th Generation)
• 4G was introduced in South Korea.
• Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) is data
technology used and it provides faster data rate to upload and
download data.
 Features of 4G
• IP-based protocols.
• LTE (Long term evaluation) was mainly for the internet.
• Vo-LTE (Voice over LTE) is for both voice and the internet.
• High usability.
• Supports multimedia service at a low transmission cost.
• HD Quality Streaming.
• The Data rate provides a capacity of 100Mbps to 1Gbps and is highly securable by
using the Encryption Technique.
• The Internet Service provided by 4G is Ultra-Broadband.
• It provides high speed and global mobility using the internet and International calls.
 Drawbacks of 4G
• It provides costlier hardware and infrastructure setup.
• Due to the high data rate speed, the battery usage is less.
 5G (5th Generation):
• The technology which is currently implemented gives the user a high
data rate.
• To support this high data rate for transmission it uses multi-meter
waves and some unauthorized spectrum.
• The data transfer technology used is LTE advanced, OMA (Orthogonal
Multiple access), and NOMA (Non-Orthogonal Multiple access).
 Features of 5G
• Higher data rates.
• Connectivity more fast and more secure
• Data Latency reduced to a great level.
• Massive network capacity.
• It is 30 times faster than 4G.
• There would be more flexibility in the network.
• The Internet service used is an ultra-fast mobile network.
• It provides consumers with high security and a trustable transmission.
 6G (6th Generation)
• 6G, or sixth-generation, refers to the next iteration of wireless
communication technology, succeeding 5G.
• While still in development, 6G is expected to offer significantly faster
speeds, lower latency, and enhanced capabilities compared to its
predecessor, with commercial services anticipated around 2030.
• The 6G technology market is expected to facilitate large
improvements in the areas of imaging, presence technology and
location awareness.
• Working in conjunction with artificial intelligence (AI), the 6G
computational infrastructure will be able to identify the best place for
computing to occur; this includes decisions about data storage,
processing and sharing.
• It is important to note that 6G is not yet a functioning technology.
While some vendors are investing in the next-generation wireless
standard, industry specifications for 6G-enabled network products
remain years away.