HIGHLAND COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
PRESENTATION OF Wireless Networking & Telecom Technology
Prepared by
Group member’s
Name-------------------------------------------------------------------ID
[Link] Tsegaw -------------------------------------------------------26
[Link] Abebe------------------------------------------------------27
[Link] Abeje---------------------------------------------------30
[Link] Ayele ---------------------------------------------------------32
[Link] Geremew-----------------------------------------------03
[Link] Yihune-----------------------------------------------------31
[Link] Ayalew-------------------------------------------------------29
May,30/2017E.c
07/10/2025 1
Contents
• Introduction to cellular communication
• Frequency reuse
• Channel assignment strategies
• Handoff strategies
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Introduction to cellular communication
• Cellular communication refers to the popular method of connecting
people in real-time and transmitting data. This system generates a vast
amount of data every day, which includes user and system-oriented
information.
• To improve the quality of service, researchers are studying the data
generated from cellular communication systems to predict user behavior
and address challenges such as unbalanced crowd communication and
congestion.
• Spatial big data analytics plays a crucial role in analyzing the
spatiotemporal-oriented data generated by cellular communication
systems and supporting their development.
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Frequency reuse
Frequency reuse is the technique of using the
same radio frequencies across several cell sites in a
cellular network.
The cells are organized so that the same
frequencies can be reused in non-adjacent cells,
which leads to reducing interference and increasing
spectrum efficiency.
In this article, we will discuss every point about
Frequency Use.
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Cont.……
Frequency Reuse is the scheme in which allocation
and reuse of channels throughout a coverage region is
done.
Each cellular base station is allocated a group of radio
channels or Frequency sub-bands to be used within a
small geographic area known as a cell.
The shape of the cell is Hexagonal.
The process of selecting and allocating the frequency
sub-bands for all of the cellular base stations within a
system is called Frequency reuse or Frequency
Planning.
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Illustration of the cellular Frequency Reuse concept
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Features Frequency Reuse
Frequency reuse improves spectral efficiency and signal
Quality (QoS).
The frequency reuse classical scheme proposed for
GSM systems offers protection against interference.
The number of times a frequency can be reused depends
on the tolerance capacity of the radio channel from the
nearby transmitter that is using the same frequencies.
In the Frequency Reuse scheme, the total bandwidth is
divided into different sub-bands that are used by cells.
The frequency reuse scheme allows WiMax system
operators to reuse the same frequencies at different cell
sites.
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Cont.……
Cell with the same letter uses the same set of channels group or
frequencies sub-band. To find the total number of channel allocated
to a cell: S = Total number of duplex channels available to use k =
Channels allocated to each cell (k<S) N = Total number of cells or
Cluster Size Then Total number of channels (S) will be,
S = kN
Frequency Reuse Factor = 1/N
In the above diagram cluster size is 7 (A,B,C,D,E,F,G) thus
frequency reuse factor is 1/7. N is the number of cells which
collectively use the complete set of available frequencies is called a
Cluster.
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Cont.….
The value of N is calculated by the following formula:
N =i2 + ij + j2
Where I,J = 0,1,2,3... Hence, possible values of N are 1,3,4,7,9,12,13,16,19
and so on. If a Cluster is replicated or repeated M times within the cellular
system, then Capacity, C, will be,
C = MkN = MS
In Frequency reuse there are several cells that use the same set of
frequencies. These cells are called Co-Channel Cells. These Co-Channel cells
results in interference. So to avoid the Interference cells that use the same set
of channels or frequencies are separated from one another by a larger distance.
The distance between any two Co-Channels can be calculated by the following
formula:
D = R * (3 * N)1/2
Where, R = Radius of a cell N = Number of cells in a given cluster
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Advantages of Frequency Reuse
Improved Spectral Efficiency: By reusing the same frequency in different
geographic areas, spectral efficiency can be improved, enabling more efficient
spectrum usage.
Better Quality of Service: With the ability to reuse the same frequency in
different cells, the interference between cells can be minimized, leading to
better quality of service.
Cost-Effective: Frequency reuse can reduce the cost of building a cellular
network since fewer frequency bands are required.
Increased Network Capacity: Frequency reuse allows more cells to be served
with the same amount of spectrum, resulting in increased network capacity.
Scalability: Frequency reuse enables the network to be easily scaled by adding
more cells as needed.
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Disadvantages of Frequency Reuse
Increased Interference: Frequency reuse can result in increased interference,
particularly in areas where cells are closely spaced. This can reduce the
quality of service and network capacity.
Implementation Complexity: Frequency reuse requires careful planning to
ensure that cells are appropriately spaced and that interference is minimized.
This can make the implementation process more complex and time-
consuming.
Reduced Coverage: With the use of smaller cells to achieve higher capacity,
the coverage area of each cell is reduced, requiring more base stations and
infrastructure.
Increased Power Consumption: Due to the use of smaller cells, more base
stations are required, leading to higher power consumption and operational
costs.
Increased Network Cost: The cost of implementing a frequency reuse
system may be higher due to the need for additional infrastructure and careful
planning to ensure proper frequency reuse.
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Channel Assignment Strategies
Channel assignment strategies are methods used in
wireless communication systems to allocate frequency
channels to different users or cells in a way that
optimizes the use of available spectrum while
minimizing interference and maximizing capacity.
A varietyof channel assignment strategies have been
developed to achieve these objectives.
The choice of channel assignment strategy impacts the
performance of the system, particularly as to how calls are
managed when a mobile user is handoff from one cell to
another.
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Types of channel assignment strategy
a) Fixed channel assignment strategy: each
cell is allocated a predetermined set of voice
channels.
Any call attempt within the cell can only be
served by the unused channels in that particular
cell.
If all the channels in that cell are occupied, the
call is blocked and the subscriber does not receive
service.
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Cont.….
Borrowing strategy: a cell is allowed to
borrow channels from a neighboring cell if
all of its own channels are already occupied.
The mobile switching center (MSC)
supervises such borrowing procedures and
ensures that the borrowing of a channel does
not interfere with any of the calls in progress
in the donor cell.
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Cont.….
b) Dynamic channel assignment strategy:
voice channels are not allocated to different cells
permanently. Instead,
-Each time a call request is made, the serving base
station requests a channel from the MSC.
-The switch then allocates a channel to the
requested cell following an algorithm that takes into
account the like
Future blocking within the cell,
The frequency of use of the candidate channel,
The reuse distance of the channel,
Other cost functions.
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Advantage of Channel Assignment Strategies
Dynamic channel assignment
reduces the likelihood of blocking,
which increases the
trucking capacity of the system,
since all the available channels in a
market are accessible to all of the
cells.
Increasesthe channel utilization
and decreases probability of a 07/10/2025 16
Disadvantage of Channel Assignment Strategies
Require the MSC to collect real-time data
on channel occupancy, traffic distribution,
and radio signal strength indications (RSSI)
of all channels on a continuous basis.
• This increases the storage and
computational load on the system.
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Handoff in Cellular Telecommunications
In cellular telecommunications, the terms handover or handoff refers
to the process of transferring an ongoing call or data connectivity from
one Base Station to another Base Station.
When a mobile moves into a different cell while the conversation is in
progress then the MSC (Mobile Switching Centre) transfers the call to a
new channel belonging to the new Base Station.
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Cont.….
When a mobile user A moves from one
cell to another cell then BSC 1 signal
strength loses for the mobile User A and
the signal strength of BSC 2 increases and
thus ongoing calls or data connectivity for
mobile users goes on without interrupting.
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Con…
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Types of Handoff
[Link] Handoff
[Link] Handoff
[Link] Handoff
[Link]-Assisted Handoff
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[Link] Handoff
When there is an actual break in the
connectivity while switching from one Base Station
to another Base Station.
There is no burden on the Base Station and MSC
because the switching takes place so quickly that
it can hardly be noticed by the users.
The connection quality is not that good. Hard
Handoff adopted the 'break before make' policy.
It is generally implemented in Time Division
Multiplexing and Frequency Division Multiplexing
when a user connects to the base station with a
fluctuating radio frequency.
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Cont.….
Hard Handoff is cheaper in cost as compared to soft Handoff
because only one channel needs to be active at a time.
It is more efficient than soft handoff, that's why hard handoffs are
widely implemented.
Sometimes, a delay can be experienced while switching base
stations.
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[Link] Handoff
Soft Handoff is a mechanism in which the device gets
connected with two or more base stations at the same
time.
At least one of the links is kept when radio signals are
added or removed to the Base Station.
Soft Handoff adopted the 'make before break' policy.
If a channel is in power loss then another channel will
always be on standby mode so this makes it best in
terms of quality as compared to Hard handoff. Soft
handoffs are used in devices supporting CDMA/WDMA
networks.
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Cont.….
High Transmission speed as more than one repeater can
transmit signals.
It has a very low delay in signals.
It can't be implemented on devices supporting GSM or
LTE networks.
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[Link] Handoff
Delayed handoff occurs when no base
station is available for accepting the transfer.
The call continues until the signal strength
reaches a threshold, and after that, the call is
dropped.
Generally, it happens when the user is out
of the network coverage area, or at some
dead spots where network reach is very low.
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[Link]-Assisted Handoff
Mobile-Assisted handoff is generally
used when a mobile phone helps a base
station to transfer the call to another
base station with better-improvised
connectivity and more signal strength.
This handoff is used in TDMA
technique-based GSM devices.
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!!!
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