6.
1 Color Fundamentals:
- process followed by the human brain in
perceiving
and interpreting color is a physiopsychological
- Sir Issac Newton,that
phenomenon in 1966 – glan
is not yet fullyprism color
understood.
spectrum – Violet, Blue, Green , Yellow, Orange,
Red
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-Colors that humans perceive in an object are
determined by the nature of light reflected from
the object.
Eg. Green objects reflect lights with wavelength
primarily in 500 to 570 mm( green color)
absorbing most of the energy at other
wavelength
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• Primary color -
Red(r) – 700 nm
Green (G) – 546.1 nm
Blue (B) – 435.8 nm
• Primary color are added to produce secondary
colors of light.
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6.2 Color Models: (Color space or color system)
- Color model is a specification of a coordinate
system and a subspace within that system where
each color is represented by a single point.
-Most color models in use today are oriented either
towards hardware(color monitor and printers) or
toward applications where color manipulation is
the goal (creation of color graphics for
animation)
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-hardware oriented model
i) RGB model – color monitors, video cameras
ii) CMY and CMYK model – color printing
iii HSI model – Corresponds closely with the way
) humans interpret color.
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6.2.1 RGB Color Model:
- based on Cartesian Co-ordinate system.
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– For Convenience, the assumption is that all color
values have been normalized – so the cube is unit
cube.
– The number of bits used to represent each pixel
in RGB Space is called pixel depth.
– RGB color pixel has depth 24 bits (8 bits/color)
– Term full-color image used often to denote a 24-
bit RGB color image.
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- Cube has(28 )3 =16,777,216colors
-Color image can be acquired by using three filters
sensitive to red green and blue respectively.
-High and display cards and monitors provide a
reasonable vendition of colors in a 24 bit RGB image.
-Many systems in use today one limited to 256 colors
-There are numerous applications in which it simply
makes no sense to use more that a few hundred
colors.
Eg. pseudocolor image processing
- 40 of these 256 colors are known to be processed
differently by various operating systems leaving only
216 color that one common to most systems.
-216 color are called Safe colors
Eg . Internet applications
Prepared by [Link], [Link]/ ECE 10
Each color have 6 steps
(6)3=216
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[Link] CMY and CMYK Color models:
- when a Surface coated with cyan pigment in
illuminated with white light, no red light is
reflected from the surface.
-Assumption all color are normalized
-Equal amount of pigment primaries, cyan,
magenta and yellow should produce black
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-In practice, combining these colors for printing
produces “muddy-looking black”
-So in order to produce true black, fourth color
“black” is added giving rise to CMYK model.
-CMYK model used for printing.
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6.2.3. – HSI Color model (HSV color model)
-RGB, CMY and other similar color models are not well
suited for describing colors in terms that are practical
for human interpretation.
-One does not refer to the color of automobile by
giving the percentage of each of the primary colors.
-Humans view a color object, described by its hue,
saturation and brightness ( Intensity )
-HSI model decouples the intensity component from
the color carrying information (hue and saturation)
-If we take color cube and stand it on the black (0,0,0)
vertex, with which vertex(1,1,1) directly above, the
intensity (gray scale) is along the line joining these 16
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-Line joining black to white is vertical
-If we want to determine the intensity component
of any color point, simply pan a plane
perpendicular to the intensity axis and containing
the color print
-Saturation of color increases as a function of
distance from the intensity axis.
-Saturation of points on intensity axis is zero.
-Plane defined by 3 points (black, white and cyan)
all points on the triangle would have same hue.
-By rotating the shaded plane about the vertical
intensity axis, we obtain different hues.
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-As planes move up and down on intensity axis. The
boundaries defined by intersection of each plane
with the faces of the cube have either triangular
or hexagonal shape.
-Primary colors are separated by 120
- Hue of the point is determined by an angle from
some reference point.
-Usually angle o from red-axis hue increases
counter clockwise from here.
-Saturation is length of the vector from origin to the
point.
-Intensity is height of the plane from bottom.
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Converting RGB to HSI
Hue
Saturation Component,
Intensity,
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HSI TO RGB
RG Sector
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