INTRODUCTION TO
INTERNET
BY
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Objectives
Introduce participants to the Internet
Technology
Give and overview of Internet Protocols
Overview of Evolution of Websites
Overview of Web browsers
How to search Information on the net
WHAT IS INTERNET
What is Internet?
It is a global network of computers that communicate using
a common language and allows the sharing of electronic
information and resources. Internet is the world’s largest
computer network, the network of networks, scattered all
over the world.
What is Network?
A Computer network is an interconnection of two or
more independent computer systems located at different
places to share information and resources.
Network contd…
Keyword here is “Sharing” the main purpose of computer
networking.
The two computers are said be interconnected if they
are able to
exchange information. The connection need not be a
via copper
Wire, fiber optics, microwaves and communication
satellite or any other wireless media can also be used.
Internet:
The internet is a world largest computer network "The
Network of Networks" scattered all over the world. It consist
of millions of private and public academics, business and
government networks of local to global scope. The internet
is a global system of interconnected computer networks
cooperating with each other to exchange data. It is a group of
two or more networks that are:
• connected physically
• Capable of communication and sharing data with
each other
• Able to act together as a single network
• Machines on one network can communicate with
machines on other network and send data files and other
information back and forth.
Internet contd…
The original purpose of the Internet was to enable people in
different locations to share text-only documents. Now there is
much more you can do using the Internet.
-You can send and receive email messages;
-You can search the world for particular files or for particular
words;
-You can have a live conversation using typed text or voice or
even video;
-You can read electronic magazines and newspapers;
-You can check on the weather forecast or the score of a
football
-You can play computer games, you can post messages to
newsgroups; you can buy books, CDs, software, electronic
gadgets, or just about anything.
Internet Contd….
Internet offers wide variety of services and tools for
communication and data exchange such as:
• Electronic Mail (e-mail)
• Telnet (Remote login, A way of connecting directly to
computer system)
• File Transfer (FTP) A system for storing and retrieving
data files
• Usenet newsgroup (For posting a responding to a public
bulletin board)
• Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
• Internet Telephone
• The World Wide Web
The last component listed here is the most exciting and
important element of the internet.
World Wide Web or WWW :
Web site n (1992) : a group of World Wide Web pages usually
containing hyperlinks to each other and made available
online by an individual, company, educational institution,
government, or organization
A hypertext document with its corresponding text and
hyperlinks is written in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
and is assigned an online address called a Uniform
Resource Locator (URL).
A source of Information relating to an individual, group or
corporations made available online, in a page or various
pages that are interconnected together, accessible by clicking
on the needed items or links
World Wide Web contd…
Internet and World Wide Web
Many people thinks Internet and WWW are the same thing.
But actually the Internet is the network itself and many
activities take place on it including WWW.
• The internet is a global data communication system. It
has a hardware and software infrastructure that
provides connectivity between computers.
• In contrast the web is one of the services
communicated via the internet. It is a collection of
interconnected documents and other resources linked by
hyperlink and URLs.
Hyperlink & Hypertext:
A hyperlink refers to dynamic link upon clicking at which a
new web page or programs opens.
Hypertext refer to the text that connects to other documents
through hyperlinks. Hypertext is a method of instant cross
referencing. It is used for organizing information and to link
related documents or files residing on the same computer or
even on net.
Network Protocol
For the Hassle-less communication between the computers in
the internet each computer must follow some set of rules called
protocols. These rules usually specify:
• how to computers can communicate with each other
• how they can interprets each other messages
• exact format and meaning of each message that a
computer can send
• under which conditions a computer should send a
message and
• how a computer should respond when the message
arrives.
Network Protocol contd…
Thus a protocol is a set of rules which network device must
follow to “communicate”. For this to work the network and the
machines that are part of the network have to agree either to
speak the same language when they are communicating or to
use an interpreter.
The most common used protocols and services provided by
the internet are as follows:
•Transmission Control Protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• Telnet
• Gopher
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
TCP/IP Protocol:
The basic protocol for the Internet is called TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol). It allows
user computer to communicate properly over the internet.
TCP/IP is actually a collection of protocols or rules that
governs the way data travels from one computer to another
across the network. When you send or receive data (for
example, an e-mail note or a Web page), the message gets
divided into little chunks called packets. Each of these packets
contains both the sender's Internet address and the receiver's
address
TCP/IP Protocol: contd…
IP component does the following:
• Envelopes and address the data.
• Enables the network to read the envelope and forward
the data to its destination.
• define how much data can be fit in a single envelope.
TCP component does the following:
• Breaks data up into the packets that the network can
handle efficiently.
• Verifies whether all the packets arrives at the destination
• Re-assembles the data.
HTTP Protocol:
Hypertext Transfer Protocol or HTTP is the set of rules or
protocol that governs the transfer of hypertext between
two or more computers. It is the primary access method for
interacting with internet. The HTTP generally works in
combination with WWW.
HTTP can be defined as a set of rules that signify how the
web pages are transmitted over the Web. It is responsible
for accessing hypertext documents on world wide web.
.
HTTP Protocol: Contd….
HTTP is based on the client server principle. HTTP allows
"Computer A" (the client) to establish connection with
"Computer B" (the server) and make a request. The server
accepts the connection initiated by the client and send backs
a response. An HTTP identifies the resource that the client is
interested in and tells the server what action to take on the
resource.
When user selects a hypertext link, the client program
on their computer uses HTTP to contact the server, Identify a
resource and ask the server to respond with an action. The
server accepts the request and then uses HTTP to respond to
or perform the action
Web Browser
A WWW client is called the web browser and a WWW
server is called a web server. The web browser navigates
through the world wide web and displays pages. The web
browser requests a page from a web server. The web
server makes available the desired page to web browser.
A browser short for web browser is a computer program
that accesses web pages and display them on a computer
screen. It is the basic software that is needed to find
retrieve view and send information over the internet. In fact
to access the WWW user requires a web browser.
The most popular browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer,
Safari, Opera, Mozilla’s Firefox, Google’s Chrome, etc.
Web Page
The documents residing on the website are called web
pages. The world wide web consist of files called pages or
web pages which contains information and links to the
resources throughout the internet. The web pages uses
HTTP.
Web Site
A location on a net server is called a web site. A website is
set of related web pages (linked through hypertext links)
published by an organization or individuals. Normally a web
site contains a home page along with other web pages.
Each website is owned and updated by an individual,
company or organization.
Finding a Site on the Net
Each page of a site on the Net has its own Uniform
Resource Locator (URL) which tells where a file is located
among all the computers that are part of the Internet . The
URL is somewhat like an address of a specific web site. If
you know the URL/address of the site you want to visit,
you simply type it into the Address Bar at the top of the
browser screen:
The Internet is platform independent. This means that it
doesn't matter which operating system the server is using
(e.g. Unix, Windows NT) because all servers share the
common language of the Internet. Data may be transmitted
via modem, cable or satellite with each of the servers
working in collaboration with one another. The data seldom
takes the same path to get from point A to point B; given
the immensity of information transferred, the process is
relatively error free
URL
The full form of URL is Uniform Resource Locator. A URL
refers to an address on internet. Billions of
documents/multimedia files can be accessed on internet
through their URL.
Each web page has a unique address called URL that
identifies its location on the internet. Web browser utilize the
URL to retrieve a file from computer on which it resides.
URL defines three things: Method, Hostname and Path Name
URL Contd…
Metho Host Path
d
The Method is the protocol used to retrieve the document.
These protocols may be HTTP, FTP, NEWS, Telnet.
The Host is the computer at which the information is located.
Path is the pathname of the file where the information is
located that separate directories from subdirectories and files.
[Link] [Link]
Thank You
