‫بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم‬

Future University
Faculty Of Engineering

Application of Artificial
Intelligence

prepared By : Duaa Mohammed

Artificial Intelligence has Varios application in today’s society.

It is becoming essential for today’s time because it can solve

complex problem with an efficient way in multiple industries,
such as healthcare , finance , education , etc.

AI make our daily live more comfortable and fast.

The main topics in AI

Artificial intelligence can be considered under a number of

headings:
o Expert Systems.
o Genetic Algorithm
o Fuzzy Logic
o Neural network
o Machine learning
o Deep Learning
Expert Systems (ES)
• Is a computer program that attempts to imitate expert’s reasoning processes
and knowledge in solving specific problems

• An expert system is a model and associated procedure that exhibits,

within a specific domain, a degree of expertise in problem solving that is
comparable to that of a human expert.

• Expert systems do not replace experts, but

◦ Make their knowledge and experience more widely available, and thus
◦ Permit non-experts to work better
Important Concepts in ES
Expert
A human being who has developed a high level of
proficiency in making judgments in a specific domain
Expertise
The set of capabilities that underlines the performance of human
experts, including
 extensive domain knowledge,
 heuristic rules that simplify and improve approaches to problem solving,
 meta-knowledge and meta-cognition, and
 compiled forms of behavior that afford great economy in a skilled performance
Important Concepts in ES
Experts
◦ Degrees or levels of expertise
◦ Nonexperts outnumber experts often by 100 to 1

Transferring Expertise
◦ From expert to computer to nonexperts via acquisition, representation,
inferencing , transfer

Inferencing
◦ Knowledge = Facts + Procedures (Rules)
◦ Reasoning/thinking performed by a computer

Rules (IF … THEN …)

Explanation Capability (Why? How?)
Applications of Expert
Systems
DENDRAL
◦ Applied knowledge (i.e., rule-based reasoning)
◦ Deduced likely molecular structure of compounds

MYCIN
◦ A rule-based expert system
◦ Used for diagnosing and treating bacterial infections

XCON
◦ A rule-based expert system
◦ Used to determine the optimal information systems configuration

New applications: Credit analysis, Marketing, Finance,

Manufacturing, Human resources, Science and
Engineering, Education, …
Structures of
Expert Systems Human
Other Knowledge
Expert(s)
Sources

Knowledge Information
Elicitation Gathering

1. Development Knowledge

Environment Knowledge
Rules
Knowledge
Base(s)
Engineer (Long Term)
2. Consultation Inferencing
Rules

(Runtime) Inference Engine

Rule
Firings

Environment
Questions
/ Answers

Explanation Knowledge
User Facility Refinement Refined
User Rules
Interface
Blackboard (Workspace)

Facts Data /
Facts Information

Working External Data

Memory Sources
(Short Term) (via WWW)
Conceptual Architecture of a
Typical Expert Systems Modeling of Manufacturing Systems

Abstract

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Expert(s)
Printed Materials

Expertise Information

Knowledge
Control Structured
Structure Engineer Knowledge

Inference
External Engine Knowledge Knowledge
Interfaces Base(s)
Working
Memory

Base Model Questions/

Data Bases Answers
Spreadsheets Solutions Updates

User
Interface
 The Human Element in
ES
• Expert
◦ Has the special knowledge, judgment, experience and methods to give
advice and solve problems
• Knowledge Engineer
◦ Helps the expert(s) structure the problem area by interpreting and
integrating human answers to questions, drawing analogies, posing
counter examples, and enlightening conceptual difficulties

User
Others
◦ System Analyst, Builder, Support Staff, …
Structure of ES
• Three major components in ES are:
◦ Knowledge base
◦ Inference engine
◦ User interface

• ES may also contain:

◦ Knowledge acquisition subsystem
◦ Blackboard (workplace)
◦ Explanation subsystem (justifier)
◦ Knowledge refining system
Structure of ES
• Knowledge acquisition (KA)
The extraction and formulation of knowledge derived from various sources, especially from
experts (elicitation)
• Knowledge base
A collection of facts, rules, and procedures organized into schemas. The assembly of all the
information and knowledge about a specific field of interest
• Blackboard (working memory)
An area of working memory set aside for the description of a current problem and for recording
intermediate results in an expert system
• Explanation subsystem (justifier)
The component of an expert system that can explain the system’s reasoning and justify its
conclusions
Knowledge Engineering (KE)
Problem or
Opportunity

A set of intensive activities

encompassing the acquisition of Knowledge
knowledge from human experts Acquisition Raw
knowledge

(and other information sources) and

converting this knowledge into a Knowledge
Representation Codified

repository (commonly called a knowledge

knowledge base) Knowledge

Validation Validated

The primary goal of KE is

knowledge

◦ to help experts articulate how they do what Inferencing

(Reasoning) Meta
they do, and knowledge

◦ to document this knowledge in a reusable Explanation &

form Feedback loop (corrections and refinements) Justification

Solution

The Knowledge Engineering Process

Major Categories of Knowledge
in ES
low - Expressed in a factual statements
◦ Important in the initial stage of knowledge acquisition

Procedural Knowledge
◦ Considers the manner in which things work under different sets of circumstances
◦ Includes step-by-step sequences and how-to types of instructions

Metaknowledge
◦ Knowledge about knowledge
How ES Work:
Inference Mechanisms
Knowledge representation and organization
◦ Expert knowledge must be represented in a computer-
understandable format and organized properly in the
knowledge base
◦ Different ways of representing human knowledge include:
• Production rules (*)
• Semantic networks
• Logic statements
Forms of Rules
IF premise, THEN conclusion
◦ IF your income is high, THEN your chance of being audited by the IRS is high

Conclusion, IF premise
◦ Your chance of being audited is high, IF your income is high

Inclusion of ELSE
◦ IF your income is high, OR your deductions are unusual, THEN your chance of being
audited by the IRS is high, ELSE your chance of being audited is low

More Complex Rules

◦ IF credit rating is high AND salary is more than $30,000, OR assets are more than
$75,000, AND pay history is not "poor," THEN approve a loan up to $10,000, and list the
loan in category "B.”
Knowledge and Inference
Rules
Two types of rules are common in AI:
oKnowledge rules (declarative rules), state all the facts and relationships about a problem
oInference rules (procedural rules), advise on how to solve a problem, given that certain
facts are known
Inference rules contain rules about rules (metarules)
Knowledge rules are stored in the knowledge base
Inference rules become part of the inference engine
Example:
◦ IF needed data is not known THEN ask the user
◦ IF more than one rule applies THEN fire the one with the highest priority value first