Unit Two :Python Conditions and If
statements and loops
Python Conditions and If statements
• Python supports the usual logical conditions from mathematics:
• Equals: a == b
• Not Equals: a != b
• Less than: a < b
• Less than or equal to: a <= b
• Greater than: a > b
• Greater than or equal to: a >= b
• These conditions can be used in several ways, most commonly in "if
statements" and loops.
• An "if statement" is written by using the if keyword.
"if
statement“examp
le
•a = 33
•b = 200
•if b > a:
• print("b is greater than a")
In this example we use two variables, a and b, which are used as part
of the if statement to test whether b is greater than a. As a is 33,
and b is 200, we know that 200 is greater than 33, and so we print to
screen that "b is greater than a".
Elif
• The elif keyword is Python's way of saying "if the previous conditions
were not true, then try this condition".
Example:
a = 33
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are
equal")
In this example a is equal to b, so the first condition is not true, but
the elif condition is true, so we print to screen that "a and b are
Else
• The else keyword catches anything which isn't caught by the preceding
conditions.
• Example:
a = 200
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")
else:
print("a is greater than
b")
• In this example a is
greater than b, so the
first condition is not
Cont..El
se
• You can also have an else without the elif:
• Example:
a = 200
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
else:
print("b is not greater
than a")
Short Hand If
• If you have only one statement to execute, you can put it on the same
line as the if statement.
• Example:
a = 200
b = 33
if a > b: print("a is greater than b")
•Short
If you haveHand If ... Else
only one statement to execute, one for if, and one for
else, you can put it all on the same line:
Example:
a=2
b = 330
print("A") if a > b else print("B")
•You can also have multiple else statements on the same
line: Example:
One line if else statement, with 3 conditions:
a = 330
b = 330
print("A") if a > b else print("=") if a == b else print("B")
And
• The and keyword is a logical operator, and is used to combine
conditional statements:
• Example
• Test if a is greater than b, AND if c is greater than a:
a = 200
b = 33
c = 500
if a > b and c > a:
print("Both conditions are True")
Or
• The or keyword is a logical operator, and is used to combine
conditional statements:
• Example
•Test if a is greater than b, OR if a is greater than
c: Example:
a = 200
b = 33
c = 500
if a > b or a > c:
print("At least one of the conditions is True")
Not
• The not keyword is a logical operator, and is used to reverse the result
of the conditional statement:
Example
• Test if a is NOT greater than b:
a = 33
b = 200
if not a > b:
print("a is NOT greater than b")
•
Nested If
You can have if statements inside if statements, this is called nested if
statements.
Example
x = 41
if x > 10:
print("Above ten,")
if x > 20:
print("and also above 20!")
else:
print("but not above 20.")
The pass Statement
• if statements cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have an if
statement with no content, put in the pass statement to avoid
getting an error.
• Example:
a= 33
b = 200
if b > a:
pass
# having an empty if statement like this, would
raise an error without the pass statement
exerci
se
Python Loops
Python Loops
• Python has two primitive loop commands:
• while loops
• for loops
The while Loop
• With the while loop we can execute a set of statements as long as a
condition is true.
Example:
• Print i as long as i is less than 6:
i=1
while i < 6:
print(i)
i += 1
Note: remember to increment i, or else the loop will continue forever.
• The while loop requires relevant variables to be ready, in this example
we need to define an indexing variable, i, which we set to 1.
The break Statement
• With the break statement we can stop the loop even if the while
condition is true:
Example:
• Exit the loop when i is 3:
i=1
while i < 6:
print(i)
if i == 3:
break
i += 1
The continue Statement
• With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration, and
continue with the next:
• Example:
• Continue to the next iteration if i is 3:
i=0
while i < 6:
i += 1
if i == 3:
continue
print(i)
The else Statement
• With the else statement we can run a block of code once when the
condition no longer is true:
Example:
• Print a message once the condition is false:
• i=1
while i < 6:
print(i)
i += 1
else:
print("i is no longer less than 6")
Exercise 3:
Exercise 4:
Python For Loops
• A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a list, a
tuple, a dictionary, a set, or a string).
• This is less like the for keyword in other programming languages, and
works more like an iterator method as found in other object-
orientated programming languages.
• With the for loop we can execute a set of statements, once for each
item in a list, tuple, set etc.
Python For Loops-example
Example:
• Print each item in a item list:
• fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
print(x)
The for loop does not require an indexing variable to set beforehand
Looping Through a String
• Even strings are iterable objects, they contain a sequence of
characters:
Example
• Loop through the letters in the word "banana":
for x in "banana":
print(x)
The break Statement
• With the break statement we can stop the loop before it has looped
through all the items:
Example:
• Exit the loop when x is "banana":
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
print(x)
if x == "banana":
break
Cont…break Statement
Example
• Exit the loop when x is "banana", but this time the break comes
before the print:
• fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
if x == "banana":
break
print(x)
The continue Statement
• With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration of the
loop, and continue with the next:
Example
• Do not print banana:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
if x == "banana":
continue
print(x)
The range() Function
• To loop through a set of code a specified number of times, we can
use the range() function,
• The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0
by default, and increments by 1 (by default), and ends at a specified
number.
Example:
Using the range() function:
for x in range(6):
print(x)
Note that range(6) is not the values of 0 to 6, but the values 0 to 5.
Cont.…range() Function
• The range() function defaults to 0 as a starting value, however it is
possible to specify the starting value by adding a parameter: range(2,
6), which means values from 2 to 6 (but not including 6):
• Example
Using the start parameter:
for x in range(2, 6):
print(x)
Cont.…range() Function
• The range() function defaults to increment the sequence by 1, however
it is possible to specify the increment value by adding a third
parameter: range(2, 30, 3):
Example
• Increment the sequence with 3 (default is 1):
for x in range(2, 30, 3):
print(x)
Else in For Loop
• The else keyword in a for loop specifies a block of code to be executed
when the loop is finished:
Example
• Print all numbers from 0 to 5, and print a message when the loop has
ended:
for x in range(6):
print(x)
else:
print("Finally finished!")
Note: The else block will NOT be executed if the loop is stopped by a
break statement.
Cont..Else in For Loop
Note: The else block will NOT be executed if the loop is stopped by a
break statement.
Example
Break the loop when x is 3, and see what happens with the else block:
for x in range(6):
if x == 3: break
print(x)
else:
print("Finally finished!")
Nested Loops
• A nested loop is a loop inside a loop.
• The "inner loop" will be executed one time for each iteration of the
"outer loop":
Example
• Print each adjective for every fruit:
adj = ["red", "big", "tasty"]
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in adj:
for y in fruits:
print(x, y)
The pass Statement
• for loops cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have a for loop
with no content, put in the pass statement to avoid getting an error.
• Example
for x in [0, 1, 2]:
pass
# having an empty for loop like this, would raise an error without the
pass statement
Exercise #1 on python loops
Exercise #2 on python loops
Exercise #3 on python loops
Exercise #4 on python loops
