GRADE 11
LESSON 6:
WHAT IS THE
EARTH MADE OF?
EARTH SCIENCE SUBJECT
ROC
KS
Rocks
These are natural substances
consisting of aggregate
minerals clumped together
with other materials through
natural processes.
Rocks
These are naturally occuring
solig aggregate of one or
more minerals.
PETROLOGY
The scientific study of
rocks.
THREE
TYPES
OF
ROCKS
THREE
TYPES OF
ROCKS
1. Igneous rock
2. Sedimentary
rock
3. Metamorphic
rock
ROCK CYCLE
A journey of rocks and
a process wherein
rocks changes into
sedimentary,
metamorphic and
igneous rocks.
PROCESSES OF ROCK CYCLE
There are 3 main processes that can change
rock:
1. COOLING AND CRYSTALLIZATION
2. WEATHERING AND EROSION
3. METAMORPHISM
1 COOLING AND
CRYSTALLIZATION
Deep within Earth, temperatures can get hot
enough to create magma.
As magma cools, crystals grow, forming an
igneous rocks.
The crystals grow larger if the magma cools
slowly. If the magma cools quickly, the
crystals will be very small.
When crystals form from magma, it is called
crystallization.
IGNEO
01 US
ROCKS
IGNEOUS ROCKS
From a Latin word “ignis” which means fire
Form from the cooling and
crystallization/solidification of molten rock/
or magma.
The parent materials of igneous rocks is
usually MAGMA
Examples are granite, basalt
Types of IGNEOUS ROCKS
1. Extrusive/Volcanic Rock
2. Intrusive/ Plutonic
Types of IGNEOUS ROCKS
a) Extrusive/Volcanic: Forms from the fast cooling of
lava on or near Earth’s surface.
1) Rapid cooling does NOT allow time for crystals to
grow (lack of crystal growth).
2) Rocks have small to no crystals; smooth/fine
texture.
3) Rocks with fine-grained texture are classified as
extrusive rocks
4) Examples are basalt, rhyolite and andesite minerals.
a) Extrusive/Volcanic:
- this are magmas erupt onto the surface
from volcanoes called lava
- it is a cooled lava at the surface of the
earth
IGNEOUS ROCKS
b) Intrusive/Plutonic:
- magmas that rise and flow into the
cracks in the crust below the surface but do
not reach the surface
Types of IGNEOUS ROCKS
b) Intrusive/Plutonic: Form from the slow cooling of
magma within the Earth
1) Slow cooling allows time for large crystals to
grow (presence of crystal growth)
2) Rocks have large crystals; coarse/rough
texture
3) Rocks with phaneritic texture are classified as
intrusive rocks
4) Examples are granite and diorite minerals.
IGNEOUS ROCKS are
classified based on:
1. Composition – refers to rock’s mineral and
chemical make up.
2. Texture – overall appearance of a rock based on
the size, shape, and arrangement of interlocking
mineral crystals.
TYPE OF IGNEOUS ROCKS BASED ON
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
1. MAFIC ROCKS
- relatively rich in magnesium (Mg) and
iron (Fe) but have relatively less silica.
-contain dark-colored igneous rocks
made up of magnesium, calcium, and iron.
- begin crystallizing only in higher
temperatures
TYPE OF IGNEOUS ROCKS BASED ON
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
2. FELSIC ROCKS
- light-colored minerals having high silica
content and low iron magnesium and iron
- tend to crystallize only in relatively lower
temperatures.
TYPE OF IGNEOUS ROCKS BASED ON
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
3. ANDESITIC ROCKS
- rocks that have chemical composition
that is in between that of mafic and felsic rocks
are grouped as andesitic rocks.
TYPE OF IGNEOUS ROCKS BASED ON
TEXTURE
1. Aphanitic IGNEOUS ROCK
- Fine-grained rocks
- has smaller crystal due to the faster rate
of cooling of magma
2. Phaneritic IGNEOUS ROCK
- Coarse-grained rocks
-has larger crystal due to the slower rate
of cooling of the magma
TYPE OF IGNEOUS ROCKS BASED
ON TEXTURE
1. APHANITIC
IGNEOUS ROCK
2. PHANERITIC
IGNEOUS ROCK
2 WEATHERING AND EROSION
Water, wind and ice and even plants
and animals all act to wear down
rocks. Over time, they can break
larger rocks into sediments.
2 WEATHERING AND EROSION
Weathering is simply the
breaking down and
dissolving of rocks and
minerals on Earth’s
surface into smaller,
loose particles called
sediments.
2 WEATHERING AND EROSION
Erosion involves
the movement of the
weathered rock from
their site of weathering
by the agents of erosion
such as wind, moving
water, ice, and gravity.
WEATHERING AND EROSION
The sediments are eventually dropped or
deposited somewhere. It is called sedimentation.
These sediments may then be compacted and
cemented together. This forms a sedimentary
rock.
SEDIMENTA
02
RY ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Weathering and erosion produce loose solids called
sediments. The word “sediment” derives itself from the
Latin verb “sedere” which means to sit or to settle.
Any rock formed as a result of weathering, erosion and
deposition is considered a sedimentary rock.
Compaction – due to increase of pressure of layered
sediments it bind together to form sedimentary rocks.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Rocks that are formed from sediment grains which
were squeezed together and deposited by water, win,
and ice. They are always formed in layers called
“beds” or “strata”.
Examples are sandstone, limestone, shale, clay, and
chalk
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Stratification is the
process by which
sedimentary rocks are
arranged in layers
STRATA
Types of SEDIMENTARY
CLASTIC – made ofROCKS
fragments of rock or broken pieces
of other minerals that were cemented (e.g. BRECCIA)
Breccia is a term most often used for
clastic sedimentary rocks that are
composed of large angular fragments
(over two millimeters in diameter).
The spaces between the large angular
fragments can be filled with a matrix of
smaller particles or a mineral cement
that binds the rock together
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
CHEMICAL – formed when dissolved minerals
precipitate from a solution to become rock (e.g.
LIMESTONE, DOLOMITE)
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed
primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) in the form
of the mineral calcite. It most commonly forms in
clear, warm, shallow marine waters.
It is usually an organic sedimentary rock that forms
from the accumulation of shell, coral, algal and
fecal debris.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
ORGANIC – formed by the accumulated sedimentary
debris caused by organic processes. These may
contain fossils of plants and animals trapped in the
sediments as the rock was formed.
3 METAMORPHISM
This long word means “to change form”.
A rock undergoes metamorphism if it is exposed
to extreme heat and pressure within the crust.
With metamorphism, the rock does not melt all
the way. The rock changes due to heat and
pressure.
METAMORPH
03
IC ROCKS
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
A rock that undergoes changes called
metamorphism without experiencing melting
Rocks that form from pre-existing rocks
(sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic);that have
been changed as a result of intense heat or
pressure within the Earth’s crust.
Examples are slate, marble, and gneiss
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
a)Conditions that cause rocks to
undergo metamorphism
1) Heat
2) Pressure
3) Chemical Activity
TYPE OF METAMORPHISM
ACCDG TO SETTINGS
A. Contact Metamorphism
1) Rocks minerals and textures are changed mainly by heat due to
direct contact with the magma/lava
b) Regional Metamorphism
1) Rocks buried deep within the crust can re-crystallize due to
extreme pressure and temperature. It may happen when rock
is buried deep below the surface of the Earth.
TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
BASED ON TEXTURE
a) FOLIATED – have a layered or banded appearance that is produced by
exposure to heat and directed pressure.
- the rock’s minerals show banding patterns or alignments
- SLATE is the lowest-grade foliated metamorphic rocks
-GNEISS is the highest-grade metamorphic rocks
Gneiss is foliated metamorphic rock
that has a banded appearance and is
made up of granular mineral grains.
It typically contains abundant quartz
or feldspar minerals.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
b) NON- FOLIATED – do not have a layered or banded appearance.
Marble is a non-foliated
metamorphic rock that is
produced from the metamorphism
of limestone or dolomite.
It is composed primarily of
calcium carbonate.
