TOPIC 3 - GRAPHICS
Arranged by :
MOHD SAIFULNIZAM ABU BAKAR
[Link]
Overview
• Creation of multimedia images.
• Creation of still images.
• Colors and palettes in multimedia.
• Image file types used in multimedia
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Creation of Multimedia Images
• Before commencing the creation of images in
Multimedia, one should:
• Plan their approach using flow charts and
storyboards.
• Organize the available tools in authoring system.
• Configure your computer workspace : have
multiple monitors, for lots of screen real estate
(viewing area).
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Creation of Still Images
• Still images may be the most important
element of a multimedia project.
• The type of still images created depends on
the display resolution, and hardware and
software capabilities.
• Still images are generated by the computer in
two way: bitmaps (or paint graphics, raster
image) and vector-drawn (or just plain
”drawn”)
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(cont.) Creation of Still Images
• There are two types of still images
Still Images
Bitmaps Vector Drawn
• 3-D drawing and rendering.
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Bitmaps
• Bitmap is derived from the words ‘bit’, which
means the simplest element in which only
two digits (1,0) are used, and ‘map’, which is a
two-dimensional matrix of these bits.
• A bitmap is a data matrix describing the
individual dots of an image.
• Bitmaps Definition : simple matrix of the tiny
dots that form an image and are displayed
on a screen or printed
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Bitmaps
• Bitmapped images are known as paint
graphics.
• A bitmap is made up of individual dots or
picture elements known as pixels or pels.
• Bitmapped images can have varying bit and
color depths.
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pixels
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(cont.) Bitmaps
• The smiley face is a
bitmap image. When
enlarged, individual
pixels appear as
squares. Zooming in
further, they can be
analyzed, with their
colors constructed
by adding the values
for red, green and
blue. CSC253 11
(cont.) Bitmaps
• Bitmaps are an image format suited for
creation of:
– Photo-realistic images.
– Complex drawings.
– Images that require fine detail.
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(cont.) Bitmaps
Available binary Combinations for
Describing a Color
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Creation of Still Images (continued)
24 bits depth. Dithered to 8 bits. Dithered to 8 bits. Dithered to 4 bits.
Millions of colors. Adaptive palette Macintosh palette 16 colors.
of 256 colors. of 256 colors.
Available binary Combinations for
Describing a Color
Dithered to 8-bit Dithered to 4-bit Dithered to 1-bit.
gray-scale. gray-scale. Two colors, black
256 shades of gray. 16 shades of gray. and white.
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• Bitmaps picture and their suitability of use:-
– Use JPEG, for photo sharing on the web because of its size and quality.
– GIF is normally used for diagrams, buttons, etc., that have a small
number of colours
• It is also suitable for simple animation because it
supports interlaced images.
– PNG is almost equal to gif except that it didn’t support the animation
format.
GIF
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(cont.) Bitmaps
• Bitmaps can be inserted by:
1. Using clip art galleries.
2. Using bitmap software.
3. Capturing and editing images.
4. Scanning images.
Clip Art
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Using Clip Art Galleries
• A clip art gallery is an assortment of graphics,
photographs, sound, and video.
• Clip arts are a popular
alternative for users who
do not want to create
their own images.
• Clip arts are available
on CD-ROMs and
on the Internet.
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Using Bitmap Software
The industry standard for bitmap painting and
editing programs are:
• Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator.
• Macromedia's Fireworks.
• Corel's Painter.
• CorelDraw.
• Quark Express.
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Capturing and Editing Images
• Capturing and storing images directly from the
screen is another way to assemble images for
multimedia.
• Both Macintosh and Windows have a clipboard –
an area of memory where data is temporarily
stored when you cut or copy within application.
• The PRINT SCREEN button in Windows and
COMMAND-CONTROL-SHIFT-4 keystroke on the
Macintosh copies the screen image to the
clipboard.
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Capturing and Editing Images
• Image editing programs enable the user to:
– Enhance and make composite images.
– Alter and distort images.
– Add and delete elements.
– Morph (manipulate still images to
create animated transformations).
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Creation of Still Images (continued)
Morphing software was used to seamlessly transform the images
of 16 kindergartners. When a sound track of music and voices was
added to the four-minute piece, it made a compelling video about
how similar children are to each other.
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Scanning Images
• Everyday objects can be scanned and
manipulated using image-editing tools.
• Users can scan images from conventional
sources and make necessary alterations and
manipulations.
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Vector Drawn Graphics
• Applications of vector-drawn images.
• How vector-drawn images work?
• Vector-drawn images v/s bitmaps.
• Vector-drawn images are used in the
following areas:
– Computer-aided design (CAD) programs.
– Graphic artists designing for the print media.
– 3-D animation programs.
– Applications requiring drawing of graphic shapes.
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How to Draw Vector Drawn Images Work
• A vector is a line that is described by the location of
its two endpoints.
• Vector drawing makes use of Cartesian co-ordinates.
• Cartesian coordinates are numbers that describe a
point in two or three-dimensional space as the
intersection of X, Y, and Z axis.
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Vector Drawn Vs Bitmaps
• Vector images use less memory space and have a
smaller file size as compared to bitmaps.
• For the Web, pages that use vector graphics in plug-ins
such as Flash download faster, and when used for
animation, draw faster than bitmaps.
• Vector images cannot be used for photorealistic images.
• Vector images require a plug-in for Web-based display.
• Bitmaps are not easily scalable and resizable.
• Bitmaps can be converted to vector images using
autotracing.
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3-D Drawing and Rendering
• 3-D animation tools.
• Features of a 3-D application.
• Panoramas.
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3D Drawing and Rendering
• A 3D scene consist of object that in turn contain many
small elements, such as blocks, cylinders, spheres or
cones (described in terms of vector graphics)
• The more elements, the finer the object’s resolution and
smoothness.
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3-D Animation Tools
• 3-D animation, drawing, and rendering tools
include:
– Ray Dream Designer.
– Caligari True Space 2.
– Specular Infini-D.
– Form*Z.
– NewTek's Lightwave.
– Autodesk’s
Maya
– Google’s SketchUp
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Features of 3-D applications
• Modeling
– placing all the elements into 3-D space.
– involves drawing a shape, such as a 2D letter, then
extruding it or lathing it into a third dimension.
– deals with lighting, setting a camera view to project
shadows
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(cont.) Features of 3-D applications
• Extrusion - The shape of a plane surface
extends some distance.
• Lathing - A profile of the shape is rotated
around a defined axis.
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(cont.) Features of 3-D applications
• Textures and colors - To make it seem more
realistic- rough and coarse or shiny and
smooth.
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Shading
• flat shading (b) is the fastest for the computer to render and
is most often used in preview mode. Gouraud shading (a),
Phong shading (d), and ray tracing (c) take longer to render
but provide photorealistic images.
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Features of 3-D applications
• Rendering - Use of intricate algorithms
to apply user-specified effects
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Panoramas
• Panoramic images are created by stitching
together a sequence of photos around a
circle and adjusting them into a single
seamless bitmap.
• Software such as ULead Cool 360, and
Panorama Factory are required in order to
create panoramas.
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Using Panorama Factory
• The Panorama Factory is a panoramic
stitching program for Windows and Mac.
• It creates high-quality panoramas from a set
of overlapping digital images.
• The Panorama Factory transforms (warps) the
images so that they can be joined seamlessly
into panoramas whose fields of view can
range up to 360 degrees.
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Colors and Palettes in Multimedia
• Understanding natural light and color.
• Color palettes.
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Understanding Natural Light and Color
• Light comes from an atom where an electron passes from a
higher to a lower energy level- each atom produces uniquely
specific colors.
• Based on quantum theory.
• Color is the frequency of a light wave within the narrow band of
the electromagnetic spectrum, to which the human eye
responds.
• Types of computerize color
– Additive color.
– Subtractive color.
– Monitor-specific color.
– Color models.
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Additive Color
• In the additive color method, a color is
created by combining colored light sources in
three primary colors - red, green, and blue
(RGB).
• TV and computer monitors use this method.
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Subtractive Color
• In the subtractive color method, color is created by
combining colored media such as paints or ink.
• The colored media absorb (or subtract) some parts
of the color spectrum of light and reflect the others
back to the eye.
• Subtractive color is the process used to create color
in printing.
• The printed page consists of
– tiny halftone dots of three primary
colors - cyan, magenta, and yellow
(CMY). CSC253 40
Monitor-Specific Colors
• Colors should be used according to the
target audience's monitor specifications.
• The preferred monitor resolution is
800x600 pixels.
• The preferred color depth is 32 bits.
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Computer color models
• Models used to specify color in computer
terms are:
– RGB model - A 24-bit methodology where color is
specified in terms of red, green, and blue values
ranging from 0 to 255.
– HSB (hue, saturation, brightness) and HSL (hue,
saturation, lightness) models – Color is specified as an
angle from 0 to 360 degrees on a color wheel.
– Other models include CMYK, CIE, YIQ, YUV (TV), and
YCC.
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RGB Models
• Add red, green and blue to create colors, so it
is an additive model.
• Assigns an intensity value to each pixel
ranging from 0 (black) to 255 (white)
– A bright red color might have R 246, G 20, B 50
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HSB Model
• Based on human perception of color, describe
three fundamental properties of color:
– Hue
– Saturation (or chroma)
– Brightness - relative lightness or darkness of color,
also measured as %
• There is no HSB mode for creating or editing
images
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(cont.) HSB Model
• Hue - color reflected from or transmitted
through an object, measured on color wheel
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(cont.) HSB Model
• Saturation (or chroma) - strength or purity of
color (% of grey in proportion to hue)
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(cont.) HSB Model
• Brightness - relative lightness or darkness of
color, also measured as %
0% 50% 100%
Black white
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Color Palettes
• Palettes are mathematical tables that define the color
of pixels displayed on the screen.
• Palettes are called ‘color lookup tables’ or CLUTs on
Macintosh.
• Most common palettes are
– 1 bit (black an white),
– 4 bit (16 colors),
– 8 bit (256 colors),
– 16 bit (65,536 colors ; for color images),
– and 24-bit deep (16, 777,216; totally photo-realistic).
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(cont.) Color Palettes
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(cont) Color Paletes
• Dithering:
– a process whereby the color value of each pixel is
changed to the closest matching color value in the
target palette.
– Done by using a mathematical algorithm.
– Dithering software is usually built into image-
editing software and available in many multimedia
authoring systems
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Image File Type Used in Multimedia
• Macintosh formats. – PICT
• Windows formats. – DIB,BMP, RIFF
• Cross-platform formats. – JPEG,GIF,DXF
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Macintosh Formats
• On the Macintosh, the most commonly used
format is PICT.
• PICT is a complicated and versatile format
developed by Apple.
• Almost every image application on the
Macintosh can import or export PICT files.
• In a PICT file, both vector-drawn objects and
bitmaps can reside side-by-side.
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Windows Formats
• The most commonly used image file format on
Windows is DIB (device-independent bitmap).
• The preferred file type for multimedia
developers in Windows is Resource Interchange
File Format (RIFF).
• Bitmap formats used most often by Windows
developers are:
– BMP - A Windows bitmap file.
– TIFF (Tagged Interchange File Format) - Extensively used in DTP packages.
– PCX - Used by MS-DOS paint software.
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Cross-Platform Formats
• The image file formats that are compatible across platforms are:
– JPEG, GIF, and PNG – Most commonly used format on
the Web
– Adobe PDF (Portable Document Format) – Manages
multimedia content
– PSD, AI, CDR, DXF – Proprietary formats used by
applications
– Initial Graphics Exchange Standard (IGS or IGES) –
Standard for transferring CAD drawings
*JPEG and GIF (Joint Photographic Experts Group) – (Graphics Interchange )Format
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Summary
• The computer generates still images as
bitmaps and vector-drawn images.
• Images can be incorporated in multimedia
using clip arts, bitmap software, or by
capturing, editing, or scanning images.
• Creating 3-D images involves modeling,
extruding, lathing, shading, and rendering.
• Color is one of the most vital components of
multimedia.
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