AGGREGATES
• Classification of
aggregates
• Charactreristics of
aggregates
• Deleterious Materials and
Organic Impurities
• Soundness
AGGREGATES
• Thermal Properties of
Aggregate
• Fine Aggregate
• Coarse Aggregate
Aggregates
are essential
materials used
as fillers with
binding
materials in
mortar and
concrete
production.
They form the
bulk of
concrete,
reduce
shrinkage, and
are cost-
effective.
Aggregates
occupy 70-
80% of the
concrete
volume and
significantly
influence its
properties.
Aggregates are
derived from
igneous,
sedimentary, and
metamorphic
rocks or
manufactured
from materials
like blast furnace
slag.
CLASSIFICATON OF
AGGREGATES
BASED ON GEOLOGICAL ORIGIN
•NATURAL AGGREGATES
ARTIFICIAL AGGREGATES
BASED ON SIZE
•COARSE AGGREGATE
•ALL-IN AGGREGATE
•GRADED AGGREGATE
•FINE AGGREGATE
BASED ON SHAPE
•ROUNDED AGGREGATE
•IRREGULAR AGGREGATE
•ANGULAR AGGREGATE
•FLAKY AGGREAGATE
BASED ON UNIT WEIGHT
•NORMAL-WEIGHT
•HEAVY-WEIGHT
•LIGHT-WEIGHT
Natural
Aggregates:
Derived from igneous,
sedimentary, or metamorphic
rocks; require sieving and
washing before use.
Artificial
Aggregates:
Includes broken bricks, blast
furnace slag, and synthetic
aggregate
Coarse
Aggregate:
Retained on a 4.75 mm sieve; size can
go up to 80 mm, but typically limited
to ≤ 20 mm in reinforced concrete.
Fine
Aggregate:
Passes through a 4.75 mm
sieve; includes natural sand,
crushed stone sand, and
crushed gravel sand
All-in-
Aggregate:
A mix of fine and coarse
aggregate but not recommended
for quality concrete.
Graded
Aggregate:
Aggregate that mostly passes
through a specified sieve size,
e.g., 20 mm nominal size.
Rounded
Aggregates:
Obtained from river/sea; low
cement requirement but poor
bond.
Irregular
Aggregates:
Better bond than rounded but
require more cement paste.
Angular
Aggregates:
Best bond, high voids (40%), ideal for
high-strength concrete.
Flaky
Aggregates:
Reduce durability; restricted to max
15% in concrete.
Unit weight Bulk density
Aggregate Sp. Gr. Examples
(kN/m3) (kg/m3)
Sand, Gravel,
Normal-weight 2.5-2.7 23-26 1520-1680 Granite, Sandstone,
Limestone
Magnetite(Fe3O4),
Heavy-weight 2.8-2.9 25-29 >2080 Baryte(Ba3SO4),
Scrap iron
Dolomite, Pumice,
Light-weight 12 <1120
Cinder, Clay
CHARACTERISTICS
OF AGGREGATES
Strength
Stiffness
Bond Strength
Shape and Texture
Specific Gravity
Bulk Density
Voids and Porosity
Moisture Content
Bulking
Fineness Modulus
Strength
Stiffness
Bond Strength
Shape and Texture
Specific Gravity
Strength - The ability of an aggregate to withstand forces
without failing.
Aggregates must have a compressive strength equal to or greater than the
concrete's. Tests like crushing, impact, and abrasion are used to evaluate
strength, toughness, and hardness.
•Crushing value should not exceed 45% for non-wearing surfaces and 30% for
wearing surfaces.
•Impact value should not exceed 30% for wearing surfaces, 45% for other
concrete.
•Abrasion value should not exceed 30% for wearing surfaces.
Stiffness - The resistance of
an aggregate to deformation under
applied force.
Affects the modulus of elasticity of
concrete. High stiffness reduces creep
and shrinkage but can increase
internal stresses.
Strain -
Stress This measures
- This measures how much the
the force per unit material deforms
area within the (stretches or
material. compresses) in
response to the
stress.
SUMMARY:
Aggregate is the strongest and
stiffest, but breaks easily.
Concrete is strong, less stiff, and
more flexible. Cement paste is
the weakest and most flexible.
Bond Strength
- The adhesion between the cement paste and the
surface of the aggregate.
Stronger bond between aggregate and cement paste
improves concrete strength. Rougher particle texture
enhances bond strength, e.g., crushed gravel or
angular stones.
Shape and Texture
-The form and surface roughness of aggregates.
Angular aggregates are preferred for stronger
concrete as they provide better bond strength.
Rounded aggregates improve workability but yield
lower strength.
Specific Gravity
- The ratio of the aggregate's density to the density of
water.
Indicates aggregate quality. Low specific gravity may
indicate high porosity and low strength.
Bulk Density
Voids and Porosity
Moisture Content
Bulking
Fineness Modulus
Bulk Density
-The weight of aggregate per unit volume, including
voids between particles.
Higher bulk density indicates fewer voids, improving
strength and reducing the amount of cement needed.
Voids and
Porosity
- The empty spaces within the
aggregate and its overall
permeability.
More voids lead to lower concrete
strength. Porous aggregates absorb
more moisture, affecting
workability and durability.
SUMMARY:
For good workability, we want
aggregates that don't absorb too
much water. For good durability,
we want aggregates that are
strong and resistant to chemicals,
and a good grading of aggregate
to minimize voids.
Moisture Content
- The amount of water present on the surface of the
aggregate.
High moisture content increases the water/cement
ratio, weakening the concrete mix.
Bulking:
- The increase in volume of fine aggregates due to
moisture.
The increase in volume due to moisture in fine
aggregates, affecting the volume required for a given
mix. It is essential to account for bulking to avoid
over-rich concrete.
SUMMARY:
This graph shows the bulking of
different sands with increasing
moisture. All sands initially expand in
volume as moisture pushes the grains
apart. Fine sand expands the most.
With excessive moisture, the volume
of all sands decreases as the water fills
the gaps.
Fineness Modulus (F.M.)
- A numerical index indicating the average size of
particles in the aggregate.
The index of aggregate particle size. Proper F.M.
ensures the right workability and strength for the
concrete mix.
Sample calculation of Fineness Modulus (FM) of crushed rock particles
Sieve No. - The size of the mesh used to separate the sand. Smaller numbers =
bigger holes.
Weight retained (Individual) - How much sand stayed on that specific sieve.
Weight retained (Cumulative) - How much sand stayed on that sieve and all the
sieves above it.
Cumulative percent Retained - The running total of the sand held back, as a
percentage.
Total weight - The total weight of all the sand you started with.
FM - A number that tells you the average size of the sand particles (calculated
from the percentages).
DELETERIOUS
MATERIALS AND
ORGANIC IMPURITIES
Harmful substances like organic
matter, clay, and iron pyrites can
weaken concrete. These materials
interfere with hydration, bond
development, and can cause
chemical reactions.
The surface coated
impurities in aggregate chemically-bonded stable The salts present in the
can be removed by coating which cannot be sea-shore sand should be
adequate washing. so removed may increase washed out otherwise
shrinkage cracks. efflorescence is caused
afterwards.
Mica, if present in sand, Iron pyrites and sulphides
reduces the strength of produce surface staining
concrete. and pop-outs.
SOUNDNESS
The ability of aggregates to resist
volume changes due to freezing,
thawing, and temperature changes.
Porous and weak aggregates are
more susceptible to damage.
THERMAL
PROPERTIES OF
AGGREGATES
The thermal properties of coarse
aggregate are: specific heat, thermal
conductivity and coefficient of
expansion. The coefficient of thermal
expansion should be compatible with
cement paste to avoid cracking.
Any appreciable Freezing and thawing
difference in the effect may be
coefficients of coarse prominent if the
aggregate and cement difference in the two is
paste may break the more than
bond between the two. 5.4 × 10- € per °C.
FINE AGGREGATE
Sand
-is used as a fine aggregate in mortar and concrete.
-A granular form of silica
-Standard code is IS:650
-May be classified on the basis of source, mineralogical composition, size of the
particles and particle size distribution.
May be classed as:
Natural Sand - resulting from natural disintegration of rocks or deposited by
streams
Crushed Stone Sand - produced by crushing hard stones
Crushed Gravel Sand - produce by cushing natural gravel
Upon Size:
Coarse Sand - Fineness modulus (F.M.) 2.90-3.20
Medium Sand - F.M. 2.60-2.90
Fine Sand - F.M. 2.20-2.60
Functions of Sand:
To achieve economy by its use as adulterant in mortar, prevent shrinkage and
development of cracks in mortar, furnish strength to mortar against crushing
and allow carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to penetrate the fat lime mortars
necessary for its air hardening
Effect of Gradation:
Very fine sand and very coarse sand have been found to be unsatisfactory for
making mortar and concrete. Very fine sand results in a poor mortar and is
uneconomical, whereas very coarse sand produces a harsh mix affecting
workability.
Effect of Impurities:
The impurities such as clay, dust and organic materials are harmful for mortar
and concrete and in any case should not exceed 4 percent. Of these, clay is
most harmful. The clay and dust impurities can be removed by careful washing.
The organic matters, shell and vegetables injure the hardening properties if the
cement reducing the strength and durability
Effect of Entraining Air in Concrete:
The quantity of fine aggregate required for making concrete mix can be
reduced by entraining air.
Table 6.2 Gradings of Fine Aggregates(IS: 383)
Sieve Designation Percentage Passing for
Grading Grading Grading Grading
Zone I Zone II Zone III Zone IV
10 mm 100 100 100 100
4.75 mm 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100
2.36 mm 60-65 75-100 85-100 95-100
1.18 mm 30-70 55-90 75-100 90-100
600 micron 15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100
30 micron 5-20 8-30 12-40 15-50
150 micron 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-15
Coarse
Aggregate
-Typically gravel or crushed stone
retained on a 4.75 mm sieve.
-Should be hard, strong, and free
from harmful substances.
-Functions similarly to fine aggregate
but provides the main structural
matrix.
THAT’S
ALL,
THANK
YOU!
