Data Mining:
Concepts and
Techniques
(3rd ed.)
— Chapter 1 —
Jiawei Han, Micheline Kamber, and Jian Pei
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign &
Simon Fraser University
©2013 Han, Kamber & Pei. All rights reserved.
1
September 30, 2025 Data Mining: Concepts and
Data Mining: Concepts and
September 30, 2025 Techniques 2
Data and Information Systems
(DAIS:) Course Structures at
CS/UIUC
Coverage: Database, data mining, text information systems, Web and bioinformatics
Data mining
Intro. to data warehousing and mining (CS412: Han—Fall)
Data mining: Principles and algorithms (CS512: Han—Spring)
Seminar: Advanced Topics in Data mining (CS591Han—Fall and Spring. 1 credit unit)
Independent Study: Only open to Ph.D./M.S. on data mining
Database Systems:
Introd. to database systems (CS411: Kevin Chang + Saurabh Sinha: Spring and Fall)
Advanced database systems (CS511: Kevin Chang Fall)
Text information systems
Text information system (CS410 ChengXiang Zhai: Spring)
Advanced text information systems (CS598CXZ (future CS510) Cheng Zhai: Fall)
Bioinformatics (Saurabh Sinha)
Yahoo!-DAIS seminar (CS591DAIS—Fall and Spring. 1 credit unit)
3
CS 412. Course Page & Class
Schedule
Class Homepage: [Link]
Wiki course outline
Course Information
Course Schedule
Lecture media
Assignments
Newsgroup: Piazza only
Resources and Reading Lists
Staff
Project [Only for students taking 4 credits for the course]
Comments and Suggestions—Textbook, Slides, Class Presentation, and
Teaching
Class-Related Questions and Answers
4
Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
5
Why Data Mining?
The Explosive Growth of Data: from terabytes to petabytes
Data collection and data availability
Automated data collection tools, database systems, Web,
computerized society
Major sources of abundant data
Business: Web, e-commerce, transactions, stocks, …
Science: Remote sensing, bioinformatics, scientific
simulation, …
Society and everyone: news, digital cameras, YouTube
We are drowning in data, but starving for knowledge!
“Necessity is the mother of invention”—Data mining—
Automated analysis of massive data sets
6
Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
7
What Is Data Mining?
Data mining (knowledge discovery from data)
Extraction of interesting (non-trivial, implicit, previously
unknown and potentially useful) patterns or knowledge from
huge amount of data
Data mining: a misnomer?
Alternative names
Knowledge discovery (mining) in databases (KDD), knowledge
extraction, data/pattern analysis, data archeology, data
dredging, information harvesting, business intelligence, etc.
Watch out: Is everything “data mining”?
Simple search and query processing
(Deductive) expert systems
8
Knowledge Discovery (KDD) Process
This is a view from typical database
systems and data warehousing
Pattern Evaluation
communities
Data mining plays an essential role in
the knowledge discovery process
Data Mining
Task-relevant Data
Data Selection
Warehouse
Data Cleaning
Data Integration
Databases
9
Example: A Web Mining Framework
Web mining usually involves
Data cleaning
Data integration from multiple sources
Warehousing the data
Data cube construction
Data selection for data mining
Data mining
Presentation of the mining results
Patterns and knowledge to be used or stored into
knowledge-base
10
Data Mining in Business Intelligence
Increasing potential
to support
business decisions End User
Decisio
n
Making
Data Presentation Business
Analyst
Visualization Techniques
Data Mining Data
Information Discovery Analyst
Data Exploration
Statistical Summary, Querying, and Reporting
Data Preprocessing/Integration, Data Warehouses
DBA
Data Sources
Paper, Files, Web documents, Scientific experiments, Database Systems
11
KDD Process: A Typical View from ML
and Statistics
Input Data Data Pre- Data Post-
Processing Mining Processin
g
Data integration Pattern discovery Pattern evaluation
Normalization Association & Pattern selection
correlation
Feature selection Classification Pattern
interpretation
Dimension reduction Clustering
Pattern visualization
Outlier analysis
…………
This is a view from typical machine learning and statistics communities
12
Which View Do You Prefer?
Which view do you prefer?
KDD vs. ML/Stat. vs. Business Intelligence
Depending on the data, applications, and your focus
Data Mining vs. Data Exploration
Business intelligence view
Warehouse, data cube, reporting but not much mining
Business objects vs. data mining tools
Supply chain example: mining vs. OLAP vs. presentation
tools
Data presentation vs. data exploration
13
Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
14
Multi-Dimensional View of Data
Mining
Data to be mined
Database data (extended-relational, object-oriented, heterogeneous,
legacy), data warehouse, transactional data, stream, spatiotemporal, time-
series, sequence, text and web, multi-media, graphs & social and
information networks
Knowledge to be mined (or: Data mining functions)
Characterization, discrimination, association, classification, clustering,
trend/deviation, outlier analysis, etc.
Descriptive vs. predictive data mining
Multiple/integrated functions and mining at multiple levels
Techniques utilized
Data-intensive, data warehouse (OLAP), machine learning, statistics,
pattern recognition, visualization, high-performance, etc.
Applications adapted
Retail, telecommunication, banking, fraud analysis, bio-data mining, stock
market analysis, text mining, Web mining, etc. 15
Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
16
Data Mining: On What Kinds of
Data?
Database-oriented data sets and applications
Relational database, data warehouse, transactional database
Object-relational databases, Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases
Advanced data sets and advanced applications
Data streams and sensor data
Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data (incl. bio-sequences)
Structure data, graphs, social networks and information networks
Spatial data and spatiotemporal data
Multimedia database
Text databases
The World-Wide Web
17
Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
18
Data Mining Function: (1)
Generalization
Information integration and data warehouse construction
Data cleaning, transformation, integration, and
multidimensional data model
Data cube technology
Scalable methods for computing (i.e., materializing)
multidimensional aggregates
OLAP (online analytical processing)
Multidimensional concept description: Characterization and
discrimination
Generalize, summarize, and contrast data characteristics,
e.g., dry vs. wet region
19
Data Mining Function: (2)
Association and Correlation Analysis
Frequent patterns (or frequent itemsets)
What items are frequently purchased together in your
Walmart?
Association, correlation vs. causality
A typical association rule
Diaper Beer [0.5%, 75%] (support, confidence)
Are strongly associated items also strongly correlated?
How to mine such patterns and rules efficiently in large
datasets?
How to use such patterns for classification, clustering, and
other applications?
20
Data Mining Function: (3)
Classification
Classification and label prediction
Construct models (functions) based on some training examples
Describe and distinguish classes or concepts for future prediction
E.g., classify countries based on (climate), or classify cars
based on (gas mileage)
Predict some unknown class labels
Typical methods
Decision trees, naïve Bayesian classification, support vector
machines, neural networks, rule-based classification, pattern-
based classification, logistic regression, …
Typical applications:
Credit card fraud detection, direct marketing, classifying stars,
diseases, web-pages, …
21
Data Mining Function: (4) Cluster
Analysis
Unsupervised learning (i.e., Class label is unknown)
Group data to form new categories (i.e., clusters), e.g., cluster
houses to find distribution patterns
Principle: Maximizing intra-class similarity & minimizing
interclass similarity
Many methods and applications
22
Data Mining Function: (5) Outlier
Analysis
Outlier analysis
Outlier: A data object that does not comply with the general
behavior of the data
Noise or exception? ― One person’s garbage could be
another person’s treasure
Methods: by product of clustering or regression analysis, …
Useful in fraud detection, rare events analysis
23
Time and Ordering: Sequential
Pattern, Trend and Evolution Analysis
Sequence, trend and evolution analysis
Trend, time-series, and deviation analysis: e.g., regression and
value prediction
Sequential pattern mining
e.g., first buy digital camera, then buy large SD memory
cards
Periodicity analysis
Motifs and biological sequence analysis
Approximate and consecutive motifs
Similarity-based analysis
Mining data streams
Ordered, time-varying, potentially infinite, data streams
24
Structure and Network Analysis
Graph mining
Finding frequent subgraphs (e.g., chemical compounds), trees (XML),
substructures (web fragments)
Information network analysis
Social networks: actors (objects, nodes) and relationships (edges)
e.g., author networks in CS, terrorist networks
Multiple heterogeneous networks
A person could be multiple information networks: friends, family,
classmates, …
Links carry a lot of semantic information: Link mining
Web mining
Web is a big information network: from PageRank to Google
Analysis of Web information networks
Web community discovery, opinion mining, usage mining, …
25
Evaluation of Knowledge
Are all mined knowledge interesting?
One can mine tremendous amount of “patterns”
Some may fit only certain dimension space (time, location,
…)
Some may not be representative, may be transient, …
Evaluation of mined knowledge → directly mine only
interesting knowledge?
Descriptive vs. predictive
Coverage
Typicality vs. novelty
Accuracy
Timeliness
…
26
Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
27
Data Mining: Confluence of Multiple
Disciplines
Machine Pattern Statistics
Learning Recognition
Applications Data Mining Visualization
Algorithm Database High-Performance
Technology Computing
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Why Confluence of Multiple
Disciplines?
Tremendous amount of data
Algorithms must be scalable to handle big data
High-dimensionality of data
Micro-array may have tens of thousands of dimensions
High complexity of data
Data streams and sensor data
Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data
Structure data, graphs, social and information networks
Spatial, spatiotemporal, multimedia, text and Web data
Software programs, scientific simulations
New and sophisticated applications
29
Chapter 1. Introduction
Why Data Mining?
What Is Data Mining?
A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
What Kinds of Data Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Patterns Can Be Mined?
What Kinds of Technologies Are Used?
What Kinds of Applications Are Targeted?
Major Issues in Data Mining
A Brief History of Data Mining and Data Mining Society
Summary
30
Applications of Data Mining
Web page analysis: from web page classification, clustering to
PageRank & HITS algorithms
Collaborative analysis & recommender systems
Basket data analysis to targeted marketing
Biological and medical data analysis: classification, cluster analysis
(microarray data analysis), biological sequence analysis, biological
network analysis
Data mining and software engineering
From major dedicated data mining systems/tools (e.g., SAS, MS SQL-
Server Analysis Manager, Oracle Data Mining Tools) to invisible data
mining
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Summary
Data mining: Discovering interesting patterns and knowledge from massive
amount of data
A natural evolution of science and information technology, in great
demand, with wide applications
A KDD process includes data cleaning, data integration, data selection,
transformation, data mining, pattern evaluation, and knowledge
presentation
Mining can be performed in a variety of data
Data mining functionalities: characterization, discrimination, association,
classification, clustering, trend and outlier analysis, etc.
Data mining technologies and applications
Major issues in data mining
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September 30, 2025
Data Mining: Concepts and
33
Major Issues in Data Mining
(1)
Mining Methodology
Mining various and new kinds of knowledge
Mining knowledge in multi-dimensional space
Data mining: An interdisciplinary effort
Boosting the power of discovery in a networked environment
Handling noise, uncertainty, and incompleteness of data
Pattern evaluation and pattern- or constraint-guided mining
User Interaction
Interactive mining
Incorporation of background knowledge
Presentation and visualization of data mining results
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Major Issues in Data Mining
(2)
Efficiency and Scalability
Efficiency and scalability of data mining algorithms
Parallel, distributed, stream, and incremental mining methods
Diversity of data types
Handling complex types of data
Mining dynamic, networked, and global data repositories
Data mining and society
Social impacts of data mining
Privacy-preserving data mining
Invisible data mining
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A Brief History of Data Mining
Society
1989 IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge Discovery in Databases
Knowledge Discovery in Databases (G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and W. Frawley, 1991)
1991-1994 Workshops on Knowledge Discovery in Databases
Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (U. Fayyad, G. Piatetsky-
Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy, 1996)
1995-1998 International Conferences on Knowledge Discovery in Databases and Data
Mining (KDD’95-98)
Journal of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (1997)
ACM SIGKDD conferences since 1998 and SIGKDD Explorations
More conferences on data mining
PAKDD (1997), PKDD (1997), SIAM-Data Mining (2001), (IEEE) ICDM (2001),
WSDM (2008), etc.
ACM Transactions on KDD (2007)
36
Conferences and Journals on Data Mining
KDD Conferences Other related conferences
ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. on Knowledge DB conferences: ACM
Discovery in Databases and Data
SIGMOD, VLDB, ICDE, EDBT,
Mining (KDD)
ICDT, …
SIAM Data Mining Conf. (SDM)
Web and IR conferences:
(IEEE) Int. Conf. on Data Mining
(ICDM) WWW, SIGIR, WSDM
European Conf. on Machine Learning
ML conferences: ICML, NIPS
and Principles and practices of PR conferences: CVPR,
Knowledge Discovery and Data Journals
Mining (ECML-PKDD)
Data Mining and Knowledge
Pacific-Asia Conf. on Knowledge
Discovery and Data Mining (PAKDD) Discovery (DAMI or DMKD)
Int. Conf. on Web Search and Data
IEEE Trans. On Knowledge
Mining (WSDM) and Data Eng. (TKDE)
KDD Explorations
ACM Trans. on KDD
37
Where to Find References? DBLP, CiteSeer,
Google
Data mining and KDD (SIGKDD: CDROM)
Conferences: ACM-SIGKDD, IEEE-ICDM, SIAM-DM, PKDD, PAKDD, etc.
Journal: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, KDD Explorations, ACM TKDD
Database systems (SIGMOD: ACM SIGMOD Anthology—CD ROM)
Conferences: ACM-SIGMOD, ACM-PODS, VLDB, IEEE-ICDE, EDBT, ICDT, DASFAA
Journals: IEEE-TKDE, ACM-TODS/TOIS, JIIS, J. ACM, VLDB J., Info. Sys., etc.
AI & Machine Learning
Conferences: Machine learning (ML), AAAI, IJCAI, COLT (Learning Theory), CVPR, NIPS, etc.
Journals: Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge and Information Systems, IEEE-PAMI,
etc.
Web and IR
Conferences: SIGIR, WWW, CIKM, etc.
Journals: WWW: Internet and Web Information Systems,
Statistics
Conferences: Joint Stat. Meeting, etc.
Journals: Annals of statistics, etc.
Visualization
Conference proceedings: CHI, ACM-SIGGraph, etc.
Journals: IEEE Trans. visualization and computer graphics, etc.
38
Recommended Reference
Books
E. Alpaydin. Introduction to Machine Learning, 2nd ed., MIT Press, 2011
S. Chakrabarti. Mining the Web: Statistical Analysis of Hypertex and Semi-Structured Data. Morgan Kaufmann, 2002
R. O. Duda, P. E. Hart, and D. G. Stork, Pattern Classification, 2ed., Wiley-Interscience, 2000
T. Dasu and T. Johnson. Exploratory Data Mining and Data Cleaning. John Wiley & Sons, 2003
U. M. Fayyad, G. Piatetsky-Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy. Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining.
AAAI/MIT Press, 1996
U. Fayyad, G. Grinstein, and A. Wierse, Information Visualization in Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Morgan Kaufmann,
2001
J. Han, M. Kamber, and J. Pei, Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques. Morgan Kaufmann, 3 rd ed. , 2011
T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani, and J. Friedman, The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, 2 nd ed.,
Springer, 2009
B. Liu, Web Data Mining, Springer 2006
T. M. Mitchell, Machine Learning, McGraw Hill, 1997
Y. Sun and J. Han, Mining Heterogeneous Information Networks, Morgan & Claypool, 2012
P.-N. Tan, M. Steinbach and V. Kumar, Introduction to Data Mining, Wiley, 2005
S. M. Weiss and N. Indurkhya, Predictive Data Mining, Morgan Kaufmann, 1998
I. H. Witten and E. Frank, Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques with Java Implementations, Morgan
Kaufmann, 2nd ed. 2005
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