Chapter Eight
Colors and Images in Computer
Graphics
Contents
Color Models in Computer Graphics
Image formats in computer graphics
Color Models in Computer Graphics
A color model is an orderly system for creating a whole range of colors from
a small set of primary colors.
An element of art with three properties:
Hue : The name given to a color
Example: red, yellow, blue
Intensity: purity and strength of a color
Value: the lightness or darkness of a color
There are two types of color models, these are subtractive and additive.
Additive color models use light to display color while
subtractive models use printing inks.
Cont.…
One of an additive Color specification RGB color model .
The RGB color model is one of the most widely used color representation method in
computer graphics.
It uses a color coordinate system with three primary colors: R (red), G (green), B
(blue).
Each primary color can take an intensity value ranging from 0(lowest) to 1(highest).
Mixing these three primary colors at different intensity levels produces a variety of
colors (Approximately 16777216).
The collection of all the colors obtained by such a linear combination of red, green
and blue forms the cube shaped RGB color space.
Cont.…
The corner of RGB color cube that is at the origin of the coordinate system corresponds
to black
whereas the corner of the cube that is diagonally opposite to the origin represents white.
The diagonal line connecting black and white corresponds to all the gray colors
between black and white, which is also known as gray axis.
In the RGB color model, an arbitrary color within the cubic color space can be specified
by its color coordinates: (r, g.b).
Cont.…
Example:(0, 0, 0) for black, (1, 1, 1) for white, (1, 1, 0) for yellow, (0.7,
0.7, 0.7) for gray
We begin with black and add on the appropriate primary components to
yield a desired color.
The concept RGB color model is used in Display monitor.
On the other hand, there is a complementary color model known
as CMY color model.
The CMY color model uses a subtraction process and this concept is
used in the printer.
Cont.…
In CMY model, we begin with white and take away the appropriate primary
components to yield a desired color.
Example: If we subtract red from white, what remains consists of green and
blue which is cyan.
The coordinate system of CMY model uses the three primaries’ complementary
colors:
C(cyan), M(magenta) and Y(yellow)
Cont.…
The corner of the CMY color cube that is at (0, 0, 0) corresponds to white.
whereas the corner of the cube that is at (1, 1, 1) represents black.
The CIE color model
The CIE color model is a color space model created by the International Commission on
Illumination known as the Commission International de l’Elcairage (CIE).
It is also known as the CIE XYZ color space or the CIE 1931 XYZ color space.
The CIE color model is a mapping system that uses tristimulus (a combination of 3 color
values that are close to red/green/blue) values, which are plotted on a 3D space.
When these values are combined, they can reproduce any color that a human eye can
perceive.
The CIE specification is supposed to be able to accurately represent every single color
the human eye can perceive.
The CIE color space was created back in 1931 in order to map out all the colors that can
be perceived by the human eye.
Cont.…
It was made independent of any technology that may present colors, which is why it
is considered to be the most accurate color model.
The CIE Color model is a three-dimensional model that takes account of the
chromatic response of the eye.
The CIE color space was the result of a series of experiments done in the 1920s by
John Guild and W. David Wright.
which led to the development of a model that was completely independent of any
means of reproduction by any device as it is based very closely to how humans
perceive color.
As a result, the CIE color model is unsuitable for use with many technologies,
including monitors and printers, although it is widely considered the most accurate
color model.
Image Formats
An Image Format describes how data related to the image will be stored.
Data can be stored in compressed, Uncompressed or vector format.
Each format of the image has a different advantage and disadvantage.
Image types such a TIFF are good for printing whereas image types of JPG or
PNG, are best for web.
TIFF(.tif,.tiff): Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) is a standard file format that
is largely used in the publishing and printing industry.
The extensible feature of this format allows storage of multiple bitmap images
having different pixel depths, which makes it advantageous for image storage
needs.
Cont.…
TIFF files can be either compressed or uncompressed but are
significantly larger than JPEGs and hence consume more space.
However, this format has a few advantages over the JPEG format,
such as the ability to store multiple layered images under a single
TIFF file and to use a bit depth of 8 bits per channel or 16 bits per
channel.
Again, free exchange is possible between computer platforms and
applications that use TIFF.
Cont.…
TIFF is also known for its flexibility and has more features and capabilities
than other image file formats.
TIFF is largely used in imaging and 3D applications, medical imaging and
desktop publishing.
Most image editing software or applications are capable of working with TIFF
files.
The major drawback lies in the size limitation.
As the format makes use of 32-bit offsets, the file size is limited to 4 gigabytes
JPEG(.jpg,.jpeg)
The Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) is a commission to maintain
standards for image rendering in technology.
A JPEG file may also be abbreviated as JPG.
This was created in 1986, the Joint Photographic Experts Group is a product of
(ISO) and the (ITU).
Efforts to create standards for digital images led to the creation of JPEG to
promote consistency in software and hardware products.
• It is a very common format and is good for digital cameras, nonprofessional
prints, E-Mail, Power point etc., making it ideal for web use.
GIF(.gif)
The graphics interchange format (GIF) is a type of bitmap image format
introduced by CompuServe back in 1987 that has since gained wide support
and use on the World Wide Web.
The format supports up to 8 bits per pixel, allowing an image to have access to
a 255-color palette.
The most distinctive feature of GIF is its support for animation, with each
frame being allowed to use a separate palette.
The graphics interchange format became popular because of its use of the LZW
(Lempel-Ziv-Welch) compression method, which reduces the file size without
reducing or degrading the quality of the image.
Cont.…
This compression method allows for larger images to be downloaded by slow
modems in a relatively short time.
This method is also more efficient than the older run-length compression
method that other image formats.
Even with its merits, GIF is not suitable for reproducing high-quality color
photographs because of the limitations of its color palette.
It is better suited to other types of graphics like logos, which usually have a lot
of solid areas of color.
PNG(.png) :-Portable network graphics (PNG) refers to a raster graphics image
format used on websites and Web applications.
Cont.…
It is a type of open and bitmapped graphical file format that is built on the
concept of lossless data compression.
It was created and conceived by the World Wide Web Consortium as a
replacement to graphics interchange format (GIF).
Unlike GIF, PNG is completely patent and license free, including its data
compression algorithm.
Its features make it possible to enhance and modify the image to a greater
extent than its predecessors.
Bitmap(.bmp)
Bitmap (BMP) is an image file format that can be used to create and store
computer graphics.
A bitmap file displays a small dots in a pattern that, when viewed from afar,
creates an overall image.
A bitmap image is a grid made of rows and columns where a specific cell is
given a value that fills it in or leaves it blank, thus creating an image out of the
data.
To create a bitmap, an image is broken into the smallest possible units (pixels)
and then the color information of each pixel (color depth) is stored in bits that
are mapped out in rows and columns.
The complexity of a bitmap image can be increased by varying the color
intensity of each dot or by increasing the number of rows and columns used to
create the image.
However, when a user magnifies a bitmap image enough, it eventually becomes
pixelated as the dots resolve into tiny squares of color on a grid.
MPEG
The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) is the family of standards and file
formats which are used in digital video.
MPEG was developed by the working group formed by IEC and ISO, which is
also known as moving picture experts group.
MPEG is a popular file format for audio and video.
For broadcasting applications with limited resources, MPEG is one of the best
options as it allows streaming high quality video on platforms like the Internet.
The file format is supported by most electronic products and can be played
using software like Windows Media Player, Cyberlink PowerDVD, Apple
Quick Time Player, etc..
Cont.…
MPEG Features:
Compared to most formats, are smaller in size.
Sophisticated compression techniques.
Compared to most formats, superior audio and video quality.
Major standards are: MPEG1, MPEG2, MPEG3, MPEG4, and MPEG7
MPEG21.
Many simple, cheap decoders.
Supported by all popular browsers.
Both a non-commercial and cross-bros
High image resolution and multi-channel sound technique.
Uses asymmetric compression methodology
EPS(.eps)and RAW Image Files
EPS(.eps):-Encapsulated PostScript file is a common vector file type.
EPS files can be opened in applications such as Adobe Illustrator or
CorelDRAW.
RAW Image Files (.raw, .cr2, .nef, .orf, .sr2) These Files are unprocessed
created by a camera or scanner.
Many digital cameras can shoot in RAW, whether it is a .raw, .cr2, or .nef.
These images are the equivalent of a digital negative, meaning that they hold a
lot of image information.
These images need to be processed in an editor such as Adobe Photoshop or
Light room.
It saves metadata and is used for photography.
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