Database
Management
System
Lecture - 42
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Transaction
Generally reflects the activities in
the real world system
One transaction in our exam
system may be computing gpa of a
student, Operations involved…..
More complex transactions
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Consistent State of DB
Consistent state of the database
Duplicated data does not conflict
DB properly reflect the real-world
system, i.e. follows the business rules
A transaction should transform database
from one consistent state to another
consistent state, may be inconsistent temp
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Transaction Termination
Two ways a transaction terminates
or ends
It may Commit or Abort
If executed successfully, brings the
database in a new consistent state,
said to be committed
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Transaction Termination
If otherwise, database has to be
brought in prior consistent state
Such transaction is rolled back or
undone
A committed transaction cannot be
undone; compensating transaction
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Transaction Boundaries
Means being and end of Tr
Generally responsibility of
programmer
Otherwise approach varies
from DBMS to DBMS
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ACID Properties
Atomicity: all or none
Consistency: maintains consistency
of the DB
Isolation: Tr should be protected
form the effect of other Trs
Durability: changes by Tr are
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Database Updates
Updates are first made in the
buffers in RAM, then transferred
to database
There may be some delay
between the two
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Database Recovery
If a crash occurs during this delay
then the database is in in consistent
state
On restart DBMS has to identify it
and recover DB into a consistent
state
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Reasons of Failure
Natural disaster
Sabotage
Carelessness
Disk crash
System software errors
Generally, improper shut down of DBMS
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Recovery Techniques
System crashes, buffers are lost
but the disk copy is safe
Need to determine the
transactions that need to redone
or undone
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Log File
Tool used for database recovery
Transaction Record
<T, starts>
<T, commits> or <T, aborts>
Data entries?
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Transaction Operations
Read (X) Operations of DBMS
X=X+5 concern
Write (X) Concern of Recovery
Manager
Y=Y*3
So log file contains
Write (Y)
entries only for write
Commit
operations
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Deferred Updates
Called incremental log with
deferred updates
Updates are not performed until
commit is encountered
Data entries in the log file of the
form <T, X, c>; simplified
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Log File Entries
Read (X) Supposing <T, starts>
X=X+5
Write (X) <T, X, 55>
X = 50
Y = Y * 15 <T, Y, 30>
Write (Y) Y = 10
Commit <T, commit>
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Database
Management
System
Lecture - 42
© Virtual University of Pakistan
