SQL

Structured Query
language
By: Tushar Bhadouria
Databas
e
Database is collection of data in a format that can be easily accessed (Digital)

A software application used to manage our DB is called DBMS (Database Management

System)

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Bhadouria
Types of Databases

Relational Non-relational (NoSQL)

Data stored in tables data not stored in tables

** We use SQL to work with relational

DBMS

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What is
SQL?Query Language
Structured

SQL is a programming language used to interact with relational

databases.
It is used to perform CRUD operations :
Create
Read
Update
Delete

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Database Structure

Database

Table 1 Table 2

Dat Dat
a a

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What is a table?

Student table

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Creating our First
Database
Our first SQL Query

CREATE DATABASE
db_name;

DROP DATABASE
db_name;

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Creating our First
Table

USE db_name;

CREATE TABLE table_name

( column_name1 datatype
constraint, column_name2
datatype constraint,
column_name2 datatype constraint
);

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SQL Datatypes
They define the type of values that can be stored in a
column

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SQL Datatypes
Signed & Unsigned

TINYINT UNSIGNED (0 to
255)

TINYINT (-128 to 127)

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Types of SQL Commands

DDL (Data Definition Language) : create, alter, rename,

truncate & drop

DQL (Data Query Language) : select

DML (Data Manipulation Language) : select, insert, update &

delete

DCL (Data Control Language) : grant & revoke permission to

TCL (Transaction Control Language) : start transaction, commit,
users
rollback etc.

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Database related Queries

CREATE DATABASE db_name;

CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS db_name;

DROP DATABASE db_name;

DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS db_name;

SHOW DATABASES;

SHOW TABLES;
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Table related Queries
Create

CREATE TABLE table_name

( column_name1 datatype
constraint, column_name2
datatype constraint,
);

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Table related Queries
Select & View ALL columns

SELECT * FROM table_name;

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Table related Queries
Insert

INSERT INTO table_name (colname1, colname2);

VALUES (col1_v1, col2_v1), (col1_v2, col2_v2);

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Key
s
Primary Key

It is a column (or set of columns) in a table that uniquely identifies each

row. (a unique id) There is only 1 PK & it should be NOT null.

Foreign Key

A foreign key is a column (or set of columns) in a table that refers to the primary key in
another table.

There can be multiple FKs.

FKs can have duplicate & null values.

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Key
s
table1 - table2 - City
Student

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Constraints
SQL constraints are used to specify rules for data in a
table.

NOT NULL columns cannot have a null value

UNIQU all values in column are

E different

PRIMARY makes a column unique & not null but used only for
KEY one

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 Constraint
s
FOREIGN KEY prevent actions that would destroy links between
tables

DEFAUL sets the default value of a column

T

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Constraints
CHECK it can limit the values allowed in a
column

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Create this sample table Insert this data

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Select in Detail
used to select any data from the database

Basic Syntax

SELECT col1, col2 FROM table_name;

To Select ALL

SELECT * FROM table_name;

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Where Clause
Using Operators in WHERE

Arithmetic Operators : +(addition) , -(subtraction), *(multiplication), /(division), %(modulus)

Comparison Operators : = (equal to), != (not equal to), > , >=, <, <=

Logical Operators : AND, OR , NOT, IN, BETWEEN, ALL, LIKE, ANY

Bitwise Operators : & (Bitwise AND), | (Bitwise OR)

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Where Clause
To define some conditions

SELECT col1, col2 FROM table_name

WHERE conditions;

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Operators

AND (to check for both conditions to be true)

OR (to check for one of the conditions to be true)

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Operators

Between (selects for a given

range)

In (matches any value in the

list)

NOT (to negate the given

condition)

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Limit Clause

Sets an upper limit on number of (tuples)rows to

be returned

SELECT col1, col2 FROM table_name

LIMIT number;

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Order By Clause

To sort in ascending (ASC) or descending

order (DESC)

SELECT col1, col2 FROM table_name

ORDER BY col_name(s) ASC;

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Aggregate Functions
Aggregare functions perform a calculation on a set of values, and return a
single value.
COUNT( )
MAX( )
Get Maximum
MIN( )
Marks
SUM( )
AVG( )

Get Average marks

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Group By
Clause
Groups rows that have the same values into summary rows.
It collects data from multiple records and groups the result by one or
more column.

*Generally we use group by with some aggregation

function.

Count number of students in each city

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Having Clause
Similar to Where i.e. applies some condition on rows. Used
when we want to apply any condition after grouping.

Count number of students in each city where max marks cross 90.

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General Order

SELECT column(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column(s)
HAVING condition
ORDER BY column(s) ASC;

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Having Clause
Similar to Where i.e. applies some condition on rows. Used when we want to apply
any condition after grouping.

Count number of students in each city where max marks cross 90.

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Table related Queries
For undo safe mode:
Update (to update existing rows)

Set sql_safe_updates = 0;
UPDATE table_name
SET col1 = val1, col2 = val2
WHERE condition;

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Table related Queries
Delete (to delete existing rows)

DELETE FROM table_name

WHERE condition;

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Cascading for FK
On Delete Cascade
When we create a foreign key using this option, it deletes the referencing rows in
the child table when the referenced row is deleted in the parent table which has
a primary key.

On Update Cascade
When we create a foreign key using UPDATE CASCADE the referencing rows are
updated in the child table when the referenced row is updated in the parent table
which has a primary key.

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Table related Queries
Alter (to change the schema)

ADD Column
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD COLUMN column_name data type constraint;

DROP Column
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name;

RENAME Table
ALTER TABLE table_name
RENAME TO new_table_name;
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Table related Queries

CHANGE Column (rename)

ALTER TABLE table_name
CHANGE COLUMN old_name new_name new_datatype new_constraint;

MODIFY Column (modify data type/ constraint)

ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY col_name new_datatype new_constraint;

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ADD DROP
Column Column

MODIFY RENAME
Column Table

CHANGE Column (rename)

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Table related Queries
Truncate (to delete table's
data)

TRUNCATE TABLE
table_name ;

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Joins in SQL
Join is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related
column between them.

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Types of Joins

Inner Left Right Full

Join Join Join Join

Outer Joins

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Inner Join
Returns records that have matching values in both
tables

Syntax
SELECT column(s) FROM
tableA INNER JOIN tableB
ON tableA.col_name = tableB.col_name;

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 SELECT * FROM student
Inner Join INNER JOIN course
Example ON student.student_id = course.student_id;

studen course
t

Result

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Left Join
Returns all records from the left table, and the
matched records from the right table

Syntax
SELECT column(s) FROM tableA
LEFT JOIN tableB
ON tableA.col_name = tableB.col_name;

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 SELECT * FROM student as s
Left Join LEFT JOIN course as c
Example ON s.student_id = c.student_id;

studen course
t

Result

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Right Join
Returns all records from the right table, and the
matched records from the left table

Syntax
SELECT column(s) FROM
tableA RIGHT JOIN tableB
ON tableA.col_name = tableB.col_name;

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 SELECT * FROM student as s
Right Join RIGHT JOIN course as c
Example ON s.student_id = c.student_id;

studen course
t

Result

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Full Join
Returns all records when there is a match in either
left or right table

Syntax in MySQL

LEFT JOIN UNION RIGHT JOIN

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Full Join
Example
course
student

Result

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Think & Ans
Qs: Write SQL commands to display the right exclusive join :

Left Exclusive Right Exclusive

Join Join

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Self Join
It is a regular join but the table is joined with itself.

Syntax

SELECT column(s) FROM

table as a JOIN table as b
ON a.col_name = b.col_name;

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Self Join
Example

Employee

Result :

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Union
It is used to combine the result-set of two or more SELECT
statements. Gives UNIQUE records.

To use it :
every SELECT should have same no. of
columns columns must have similar data
types
columns in every SELECT should be in same
order

Syntax
SELECT column(s) FROM tableA
UNION
SELECT column(s) FROM tableB

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MySQL Views
A view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL
statement.

*A view always shows up-to-date data. The

database engine recreates the view, every time a
user queries it.

By: Tushar Bhadouria