Chapter objectives
Be able to:
Explain how databases are used in a
typical online business.
Describe two models for network
connectivity for large systems.
Compose simple SQL queries to run
on z/OS.
Give an overview of application
programming with DB2.
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Key terms in this chapter
Database
DBMS
SPUFI
QMF
SQL
Plan, Package
View
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What is a database?
A database provides for the storing and
control of business information, independent
from (but not separate from the processing
requirements of) one or more applications.
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Entities
Database example
Shipment
Shipment No
entity
Customer
Customer No
Customer Order
Order No
Attributes
Relationships
Dispatch Shipment Customer Customer Quantity
Date to Customer Address Orders Parts Delivery
Note: An attribute is always dependent on
Address an entity – it has no meaning by itself
Order for Part
Part
one-to-one
Part No Relationships {
one-to-many
many-to-many
Name
Note: Relationships can
Unit Price be recursive
Purchase Order
Purchase of
Part
Attributes Order No
Quantity
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Databases on z/OS
Hierarchical databases, such as IMS
Relational database management
system (RDBMS), such as DB2
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Hierarchical DB : Relationships &
Level 1 sequence ROOT
(1)
Level 2 Segment A Segment B Segment C
(2) (7) (9)
Segment D Segment E Segment F Segment G Segment H
Level 3 (3) (4) (8) (10) (12)
Segment I Segment J Segment K
(5) (6) (11)
Level 4
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Hierarchical data structure
Parent of STOCK
Level 1 (or root)
PART and
PURCHASE ORDER
Level 2 PURCHASE
STOCK
ORDER Child of Part
and
Parent of DETAIL
Child of
Level 3 DETAIL DETAIL
PURCHASE
ORDER
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Segment types and their
relationshipsRecord 1
PART
Record 2
PART
Record 3
PART
1 2 1
Parent of
DETAIL
STOCK ORDER STOCK ORDER STOCK ORDER
11 11 21 21 31 31
STOCK ORDER
12 22
DETAIL DETAIL DETAIL
Siblings
111 211 311
These are
twins
DETAIL
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DETAIL is:
All segments are dependents of PART Dependent of ORDER
Dependent of PART
Child of ORDER
Grandchild of PART
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DB2 – The Relational Database
Relational Structures include:
Database: A logical grouping of data for one or more
applications
Table: A logical structure composed of rows and
columns
Index(es): an ordered set of pointers to rows of a table
(ensures uniqueness)
Keys: One or more columns that are identified as
such in the creation of a table or used for
referential integrity
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Example of a DB2 Department Table i.e. “[Link]”
At the intersection of every column and row is a
specific data item called a value or more precisely
an atomic value
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DB2 Table Create and inserting a row (record)
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Creating a primary key (index)
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Sample DDL for a DB2 Table/View
VIEW
Table
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Examples of other Data Definition Language (DDL)
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DB2 Administration (transactional interfaces)
SQL Processor Using File Input (SPUFI)
A SQL interface through TSO providing a means for a
transactional facility used by DBAs. This requires knowledge of
ISPF and basic PDS.
Pronounced “Spoo Fee”
Query Management Facility (QMF)
Is a tightly integrated, powerful, and reliable tool that performs
query and reporting for DB2. It offers an easy-to-learn, interactive
interface. Users with little or no data processing experience can
easily retrieve, create, update, insert, or delete data that is stored
in DB2.
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First you need to create the output file (if not existing)
Invoke SQL on z/OS: SPUFI
Select option 1 to enter SPUFI
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Invoke SQL on z/OS: SPUFI (CONT…)
Enter the input and output dataset, if they are not yet in place.
Change the member of the PDS, if you want to enter a new SQL
Defaults are set to NO from YES.
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Invoke SQL on z/OS: SPUFI (CONT…)
Enter the SQL statement you want to execute.
Press F3 to return to the previous screen (to execute the SQL).
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Invoke SQL on z/OS: SPUFI (CONT…)
When you get back to this screen, the “edit input” is put to “*”.
Press ENTER to execute the SQL and to see the output.
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Invoke SQL on z/OS: SPUFI (CONT…)
F8 brings the rest of the results on your screen
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Invoke SQL on z/OS: SPUFI (CONT…)
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Query Management Facility
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Application Programming: the flow
Source
Program
Modified Precompile DBRM
Source
Compile Include Bind
Member
DCLGEN
Object Package
Module
Linkedit Bind
Load RUN Plan
Module
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Sample COBOL DB2 program
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SQLCA (SQL communication area)
An SQLCA is a set of variables that may be
updated at the end of the execution of every
SQL statement.
A program that contains executable SQL
statements may provide one, but no more
than one SQLCA (unless a stand-alone
SQLCODE or a stand-alone SQLSTATE
variable is used instead), except in Java™,
where the SQLCA is not applicable.
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COBOL DB2 Pre compilation
process
The DB2 Precompiler splits the program into
two parts: a COBOL and a DB2 part.
The embedded SQL is stripped out of the
program and put into a partitioned data set
(PDS) member, called a DBRM.
Just as the COBOL part has to be compiled,
the DBRM part has to go through BIND
process to create the run-time executable
code for the DB2 portion of the COBOL
program.
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Plan
A plan is an executable module containing
the access path logic produced by
theDB2 optimizer. It can be composed of one
or more DBRMs and packages. Before
aDB2 for z/OS program (with static SQL) can
be run, it must have a plan associated with
it. Plans are created by the BIND command.
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Package
A PACKAGE is a single, bound DBRM with
optimized access paths. The DBRM of a single
program is bound into a PACKAGE. To
execute a PACKAGE, it should be included in
the package list of a PLAN. PACKAGEs are
not directly executed, they are only indirectly
executed when the PLAN in which they are
contained executes.
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Utilities used:
PRECOMPILE – DSNHPC
COMPILATION – IGYCRCTL
LINK EDIT – IEWL
BIND THE DB2 PACKAGE - IKJEFT01
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Summary
The only way to access the data in DB2 databases is with
SQL.
On the mainframe, SPUFI is a tool used to enter SQL
statements.
The DBRM performs a bind process that determines the
access path and stores this executable SQL code in a
package.
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Thank you
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Any Questions!
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