BUSINESS JET
The business jet or Private Jets are used by a Less
number of people for personnel transportations mostly. It is classified into five types based on its size.
Heavy jets Super mid-size jets Mid-size jets Light jets Very light jets
FACTS ABOUT BUSINESS JET AIRCRAFTS
There are 17,721 business jets in the worldwide fleet at
the end of 2011 with about 70% of the fleet in North America. The European market is the next largest, with growing activity in the Middle East, Asia, and Central America.
Since 1996 the term "fractional jet" has been used in
connection with business aircraft owned by a consortium of companies. Under such arrangements, overhead costs such as flight crew, hangarage and maintenance are split among the users.
FACTS ABOUT BUSINESS JET AIRCRAFTS
Almost all production business jets, such as General Dynamics'
Gulfstream and the Gates Lear Jet (now built by Bombardier), have had two or three engines, though the Jetstar, an early business jet, had four. Advances in engine reliability and power have rendered four-engine designs obsolete, and only Dassault Aviation still builds three-engine models (in the Falcon line). The emerging market for so-called "very light jets" and "personal jets", has seen the introduction (at least on paper) of several single-engine designs as well.
Almost all business jets have rear-mounted engines, because the
wing (mounted low for performance reasons) is too near the ground for engines to be slung underneath it.
MISSION SPECIFICATION
Cruise Speed Maximum Speed Range Abosolute Ceiling Service Ceiling Rate of climb Thrust Crew Type of engine Max Pay Load No of engine
=850 Km\H = 0.85 Mach =4500 km = 13700 m = 12400 m = 22 m/s = 22 KN = 8+2 = turbofans = 2240 lbs =2 Engine
Configuration Layout
Location of door Engine Type No. Of Wing Type of Wing Position of Wing Type of tail Type of landing gear Landing gear mechanism Location of engine Type of control systems Runway
: Cockpit : Pusher Type : Monoplane : Swept Back : Low wing : T-Tail : Tricycle : Retractable : Fuselage Rear End : Ailerons & Ruddevators : Land based
Gulfstream G200
General Characteristics Crew: 8+2 Length (m) :18.96 Wingspan(m) : 17.7 Height (m) : 6.53 Wing Area (m2) : 34.3 Aspect ratio: 9.1 Empty Weight (Kg) : 8709 Loaded Weight (Kg) : 10888 Payload Weight (Kg) : 2179 [Link] Weight (Kg): 10680 No. of Engines : 2
Cruise Speed (Km/h) : 850 Range (km) : 6300 Absolute Ceiling (m) : 13716 Service Ceiling (m) : 12497 Rate of Climb (m/s) : 18.8 Wing Loading (Kg/ m2) : 469 Thrust (KN) 26.9 Mach No. : 0.85 Thrust/Weight Ratio : 0.17 Location of door : Cockpit Engine Type : Pusher Type No. Of Wing : Monoplane Type of Wing : Swept Back Position of Wing : Low wing Type of tail : T-Tail Type of landing gear : Tricycle Landing gear mechanism : Retractable Location of engine : Fuselage Rear End Type of control systems : Ailerons & Ruddevators Runway : Land based
Learjet 60XR
General Characteristics Crew: 8+2 Length (m) :17.89 Wingspan(m) : 13.35 Height (m) : 4.44 Wing Area (m2) : 24.57 Aspect ratio: 7.2 Empty Weight (Kg) : 6641 Loaded Weight (Kg) : 8856 Payload Weight (Kg) : 2215 [Link] Weight (Kg): 10659 No. of Engines : 2
Cruise Speed (Km/h) : 863 Range (km) : 4454 Absolute Ceiling (m) : 15545 Service Ceiling (m) : 13584 Rate of Climb (m/s) : 22.9 Wing Loading (Kg/ m2) : 432.8 Thrust/Weight Ratio : 0.20 Thrust (KN) 20.46 Mach No. : 0.81 Location of door : Cockpit Engine Type : Pusher Type No. Of Wing : Monoplane Type of Wing : Swept Back Position of Wing : Low wing Type of tail : T-Tail Type of landing gear : Tricycle Landing gear mechanism : Retractable Location of engine : Fuselage Rear End Type of control systems : Ailerons & Ruddevators Runway : Land based
Hawker 400
General Characteristics Crew: 8+2 Length (m) :14.76 Wingspan(m) : 13.26 Height (m) : 4.24 Wing Area (m2) : 22.43 Aspect ratio: 7.8 Empty Weight (Kg) : 4558 Loaded Weight (Kg) : 6147 Payload Weight (Kg) : 1600 [Link] Weight (Kg): 7303 No. of Engines : 2
Cruise Speed (Km/h) : 820 Range (km) : 3135 Absolute Ceiling (m) : 13700 Service Ceiling (m) : 12497 Rate of Climb (m/s) : 19.2 Wing Loading (Kg/ m2) : 319.98 Thrust/Weight Ratio : 0.18 Thrust (KN) 12.9 Mach No. : 0.78 Location of door : Cockpit Engine Type : Pusher Type No. Of Wing : Monoplane Type of Wing : Swept Back Position of Wing : Low wing Type of tail : T-Tail Type of landing gear : Tricycle Landing gear mechanism : Retractable Location of engine : Fuselage Rear End Type of control systems : Ailerons & Ruddevators Runway : Land based
Embraer Phenon 300
General Characteristics Crew: 8+2 Length (m) :15.9 Wingspan(m) : 16.2 Height (m) : 5 Wing Area (m2) : 28.5 Aspect ratio: 9.2 Empty Weight (Kg) : 5258 Loaded Weight (Kg) : 7679 Payload Weight (Kg) : 2421 [Link] Weight (Kg): 8157 No. of Engines : 2
Cruise Speed (Km/h) : 834 Range (km) : 3650 Absolute Ceiling (m) : 13716 Service Ceiling (m) : 12497 Rate of Climb (m/s) : 15.25 Wing Loading (Kg/ m2) : 286 Thrust/Weight Ratio : 0.18 Thrust (KN) 14.2 Mach No. : 0.78 Location of door : Cockpit Engine Type : Pusher Type No. Of Wing : Monoplane Type of Wing : Swept Back Position of Wing : Low wing Type of tail : T-Tail Type of landing gear : Tricycle Landing gear mechanism : Retractable Location of engine : Fuselage Rear End Type of control systems : Ailerons & Ruddevators Runway : Land based
Learjet 40
General Characteristics Crew: 8+2 Length (m) :16.93 Wingspan(m) : 14.56 Height (m) : 4.31 Wing Area (m2) : 28.95 Aspect ratio: 7.3 Empty Weight (Kg) : 6200 Loaded Weight (Kg) : 8727 Payload Weight (Kg) : 2527 [Link] Weight (Kg): 9545 No. of Engines : 2
Cruise Speed (Km/h) : 852 Range (km) : 3439 Absolute Ceiling (m) : 15540 Service Ceiling (m) : 12497 Rate of Climb (m/s) : 14.32 Wing Loading (Kg/ m2) : 318.69 Thrust/Weight Ratio : 0.17 Thrust (KN) 15.56 Mach No. : 0.81 Location of door : Cockpit Engine Type : Pusher Type No. Of Wing : Monoplane Type of Wing : Swept Back Position of Wing : Low wing Type of tail : T-Tail Type of landing gear : Tricycle Landing gear mechanism : Retractable Location of engine : Fuselage Rear End Type of control systems : Ailerons & Ruddevators Runway : Land based
Learjet 55
General Characteristics Crew: 8+2 Length (m) :16.8 Wingspan(m) : 13.35 Height (m) : 4.48 Wing Area (m2) : 24.57 Aspect ratio: 7.2 Empty Weight (Kg) : 5832 Loaded Weight (Kg) : 8172 Payload Weight (Kg) : 2340 [Link] Weight (Kg): 9525 No. of Engines : 2
Cruise Speed (Km/h) : 883 Range (km) : 4156 Absolute Ceiling (m) : 15545 Service Ceiling (m) : 12497 Rate of Climb (m/s) : 20.63 Wing Loading (Kg/ m2) : 396.79 Thrust/Weight Ratio : 0.18 Thrust (KN) 16.56 Mach No. : 0.85 Location of door : Cockpit Engine Type : Pusher Type No. Of Wing : Monoplane Type of Wing : Swept Back Position of Wing : Low wing Type of tail : T-Tail Type of landing gear : Tricycle Landing gear mechanism : Retractable Location of engine : Fuselage Rear End Type of control systems : Ailerons & Ruddevators Runway : Land based
Bombardier Challenger 300
General Characteristics Crew: 8+2 Length (m) :20.9 Wingspan(m) : 19.45 Height (m) : 6.2 Wing Area (m2) : 48.57 Aspect ratio: 7.8 Empty Weight (Kg) : 10591 Loaded Weight (Kg) : 15943 Payload Weight (Kg) : 5352 [Link] Weight (Kg): 17622 No. of Engines : 2
Cruise Speed (Km/h) : 870 Range (km) : 5741 AbsoluteCeiling (m) : 13716 Service Ceiling (m) : 12447 Rate of Climb (m/s) : 25.4 Wing Loading (Kg/ m2) : 359.49 Thrust/Weight Ratio : 0.18 Thrust (KN) 30.36 Mach No. : 0.89 Location of door : Cockpit Engine Type : Pusher Type No. Of Wing : Monoplane Type of Wing : Swept Back Position of Wing : Low wing Type of tail : T-Tail Type of landing gear : Tricycle Landing gear mechanism : Retractable Location of engine : Fuselage Rear End Type of control systems : Ailerons & Ruddevators Runway : Land based
CESSNA 560 CITATION ENCORE
General Characteristics Crew: 8+2 Length (m) :14.9 Wingspan(m) : 16.49 Height (m) : 4.63 Wing Area (m2) : 29.9 Aspect ratio: 8.54 Empty Weight (Kg) : 4627 Loaded Weight (Kg) : 6636 Payload Weight (Kg) : 2009 [Link] Weight (Kg): 7543 No. of Engines : 2
Cruise Speed (Km/h) : 793 Range (km) : 3297 Absolute Ceiling (m) : 13716 Service Ceiling (m) : 11497 Rate of Climb (m/s) : 21.49 Wing Loading (Kg/ m2) : 251.9 Thrust/Weight Ratio : 0.20 Thrust (KN) 15.1 Mach No. : 0.75 Location of door : Cockpit Engine Type : Pusher Type No. Of Wing : Monoplane Type of Wing : Swept Back Position of Wing : Low wing Type of tail : T-Tail Type of landing gear : Tricycle Landing gear mechanism : Retractable Location of engine : Fuselage Rear End Type of control systems : Ailerons & Ruddevators Runway : Land based
Cessna 560XL Citation Excel and XLS
General Characteristics Crew: 8+2 Length (m) :16 Wingspan(m) : 17.17 Height (m) : 5.23 Wing Area (m2) : 34.5 Aspect ratio: 7.8 Empty Weight (Kg) : 5579 Loaded Weight (Kg) : 7985 Payload Weight (Kg) : 2406 [Link] Weight (Kg): 9163 No. of Engines : 2
Cruise Speed (Km/h) : 815 Range (km) : 3852 Absolute Ceiling (m) : 13716 Service Ceiling (m) : 12497 Rate of Climb (m/s) : 17.78 Wing Loading (Kg/ m2) : 264.1 Thrust/Weight Ratio : 0.20 Thrust (KN) 18.3 Mach No. : 0.75 Location of door : Cockpit Engine Type : Pusher Type No. Of Wing : Monoplane Type of Wing : Swept Back Position of Wing : Low wing Type of tail : T-Tail Type of landing gear : Tricycle Landing gear mechanism : Retractable Location of engine : Fuselage Rear End Type of control systems : Ailerons & Ruddevators Runway : Land based
Cessna 680 Citation Soverign
General Characteristics Crew: 8+2 Length (m) :19.37 Wingspan(m) : 19.24 Height (m) : 6.2 Wing Area (m2) : 47.4 Aspect ratio: 9.09 Empty Weight (Kg) : 7893 Loaded Weight (Kg) : 12319 Payload Weight (Kg) : 4426 [Link] Weight (Kg): 12608 No. of Engines : 2
Cruise Speed (Km/h) : 846 Range (km) : 5273 Absolute Ceiling (m) : 14326 Service Ceiling (m) : 12497 Rate of Climb (m/s) : 20.4 Wing Loading (Kg/ m2) : 283.9 Thrust/Weight Ratio : 0.19 Thrust (KN) 25.3 Mach No. : 0.8 Location of door : Cockpit Engine Type : Pusher Type No. Of Wing : Monoplane Type of Wing : Swept Back Position of Wing : Low wing Type of tail : T-Tail Type of landing gear : Tricycle Landing gear mechanism : Retractable Location of engine : Fuselage Rear End Type of control systems : Ailerons & Ruddevators Runway : Land based
Cessna 750 Citation X
General Characteristics Crew: 8+2 Length (m) :22 Wingspan(m) : 19.38 Height (m) : 5.84 Wing Area (m2) : 49 Aspect ratio: 7.8 Empty Weight (Kg) : 9798 Loaded Weight (Kg) : 14424 Payload Weight (Kg) : 4426 [Link] Weight (Kg): 16374 No. of Engines : 2
Cruise Speed (Km/h) : 972 Range (km) : 5686 Absolute Ceiling (m) : 15545 Service Ceiling (m) : 13297 Rate of Climb (m/s) : 18.6 Wing Loading (Kg/ m2) : 334.5 Thrust/Weight Ratio : 0.19 Thrust (KN) 28.7 Mach No. : 0.92 Location of door : Cockpit Engine Type : Pusher Type No. Of Wing : Monoplane Type of Wing : Swept Back Position of Wing : Low wing Type of tail : T-Tail Type of landing gear : Tricycle Landing gear mechanism : Retractable Location of engine : Fuselage Rear End Type of control systems : Ailerons & Ruddevators Runway : Land based
Gulfstream G150
General Characteristics Crew: 8+2 Length (m) :17.3 Wingspan(m) : 16.94 Height (m) : 5.82 Wing Area (m2) : 34.3 Aspect ratio: 8.7 Empty Weight (Kg) : 6849 Loaded Weight (Kg) : 9843 Payload Weight (Kg) : 2994 [Link] Weight (Kg): 11839 No. of Engines : 2
Cruise Speed (Km/h) : 850 Range (km) : 5467 Absolute Ceiling (m) : 13716 Service Ceiling (m) : 12497 Rate of Climb (m/s) : 20.6 Wing Loading (Kg/ m2) : 336.89 Thrust/Weight Ratio : 0.17 Thrust (KN) 19.66 Mach No. : 0.85 Location of door : Cockpit Engine Type : Pusher Type No. Of Wing : Monoplane Type of Wing : Swept Back Position of Wing : Low wing Type of tail : T-Tail Type of landing gear : Tricycle Landing gear mechanism : Retractable Location of engine : Fuselage Rear End Type of control systems : Ailerons & Ruddevators Runway : Land based
Hawker 4000 Horizon
General Characteristics Crew: 8+2 Length (m) :21.1 Wingspan(m) : 18.8 Height (m) : 6 Wing Area (m2) : 49.3 Aspect ratio: 7.1 Empty Weight (Kg) : 10659 Loaded Weight (Kg) : 15915 Payload Weight (Kg) : 5256 [Link] Weight (Kg): 17917 No. of Engines : 2
Cruise Speed (Km/h) : 859 Range (km) : 5287 Absolute Ceiling (m) : 13716 Service Ceiling (m) : 12397 Rate of Climb (m/s) : 17 Wing Loading (Kg/ m2) : 363.25 Thrust/Weight Ratio : 0.16 Thrust (KN) 28.9 Mach No. : 0.84 Location of door : Cockpit Engine Type : Pusher Type No. Of Wing : Monoplane Type of Wing : Swept Back Position of Wing : Low wing Type of tail : T-Tail Type of landing gear : Tricycle Landing gear mechanism : Retractable Location of engine : Fuselage Rear End Type of control systems : Ailerons & Ruddevators Runway : Land based
Learjet 25
General Characteristics Crew: 8+2 Length (m) :14.5 Wingspan(m) : 12.84 Height (m) : 3.73 Wing Area (m2) : 21.53 Aspect ratio: 7.6 Empty Weight (Kg) : 3645 Loaded Weight (Kg) : 5007 Payload Weight (Kg) : 1362 [Link] Weight (Kg): 6804 No. of Engines : 2
Cruise Speed (Km/h) : 859 Range (km) : 2853 Absolute Ceiling (m) : 13715 Service Ceiling (m) : 12497 Rate of Climb (m/s) : 30.7 Wing Loading (Kg/ m2) : 315.76 Thrust/Weight Ratio : 0.20 Thrust (KN) 13.1 Mach No. : 0.81 Location of door : Cockpit Engine Type : Pusher Type No. Of Wing : Monoplane Type of Wing : Swept Back Position of Wing : Low wing Type of tail : T-Tail Type of landing gear : Tricycle Landing gear mechanism : Retractable Location of engine : Fuselage Rear End Type of control systems : Ailerons & Ruddevators Runway : Land based
Learjet 45
General Characteristics Crew: 8+2 Length (m) :17.68 Wingspan(m) : 14.58 Height (m) : 4.3 Wing Area (m2) : 28.95 Aspect ratio: 7.2 Empty Weight (Kg) : 6146 Loaded Weight (Kg) : 8716 Payload Weight (Kg) : 2570 [Link] Weight (Kg): 9752 No. of Engines : 2
Cruise Speed (Km/h) : 859 Range (km) : 3925 Absolute Ceiling (m) : 15545 Service Ceiling (m) : 12597 Rate of Climb (m/s) : 15 Wing Loading (Kg/ m2) : 321.26 Thrust/Weight Ratio 0.16 Thrust (KN) 15.57 Mach No. : 0.81 Location of door : Cockpit Engine Type : Pusher Type No. Of Wing : Monoplane Type of Wing : Swept Back Position of Wing : Low wing Type of tail : T-Tail Type of landing gear : Tricycle Landing gear mechanism : Retractable Location of engine : Fuselage Rear End Type of control systems : Ailerons & Ruddevators Runway : Land based
Learjet 60
General Characteristics Crew: 8+2 Length (m) :17.88 Wingspan(m) : 13.4 Height (m) : 4.47 Wing Area (m2) : 24.6 Aspect ratio: 7.66 Empty Weight (Kg) : 6641 Loaded Weight (Kg) : 8856 Payload Weight (Kg) : 2215 [Link] Weight (Kg): 10660 No. of Engines : 2
Cruise Speed (Km/h) : 850 Range (km) : 4539 Absolute Ceiling (m) : 15545 Service Ceiling (m) : 12497 Rate of Climb (m/s) : 22.9 Wing Loading (Kg/ m2) : 432.8 Thrust/Weight Ratio : 0.20 Thrust (KN) 20.46 Mach No. : 0.81 Location of door : Cockpit Engine Type : Pusher Type No. Of Wing : Monoplane Type of Wing : Swept Back Position of Wing : Low wing Type of tail : T-Tail Type of landing gear : Tricycle Landing gear mechanism : Retractable Location of engine : Fuselage Rear End Type of control systems : Ailerons & Ruddevators Runway : Land based
Falcon 2000EX
General Characteristics Crew: 8+2 Length (m) :20.23 Wingspan(m) : 19.33 Height (m) : 7.06 Wing Area (m2) : 49 Aspect ratio: 7.6 Empty Weight (Kg) : 9405 Loaded Weight (Kg) : 12678 Payload Weight (Kg) : 3273 [Link] Weight (Kg): 18597 No. of Engines : 2
Cruise Speed (Km/h) : 850 Range (km) : 6020 Absolute Ceiling (m) : 15500 Service Ceiling (m) : 12497 Rate of Climb (m/s) : 22.24 Wing Loading (Kg/ m2) : 435 Thrust/Weight Ratio : 0.14 Thrust (KN) 26.3 Mach No. : 0.8 Location of door : Cockpit Engine Type : Pusher Type No. Of Wing : Monoplane Type of Wing : Swept Back Position of Wing : Low wing Type of tail : T-Tail Type of landing gear : Tricycle Landing gear mechanism : Retractable Location of engine : Fuselage Rear End Type of control systems : Ailerons & Ruddevators Runway : Land based
Literature Survey
Literature Survey concepts are evaluated, compared to
the requirements, revised, re-evaluated, and so on until convergence to one or more satisfactory concepts is achieved.
Length vs Cruise Speed
1200
1000
CRUISE SPEED in km/h
800
600
400
200
0 0 5 10 LENGTH in m 15 20 25
Service Ceiling vs Thrust/Weight Ratio
0.003
0.0025 THRUST/WEIGHT RATIO
0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0 13500
14000
14500 SERVICE CEILING in m
15000
15500
16000
Service Ceiling vs Rate of Climb
35
30
25 RATE OF CLIMB in m/s 20 15 10
5
0 13500
14000
14500 SERVICE CEILING in m
15000
15500
16000
Service Ceiling vs Wing Loading
500 450 400 350 WING LOADING in kg/m2 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 13500
14000
14500 SERVICE CEILING in m
15000
15500
16000
Max. Take Off Weight vs Range
7000 6000 5000 RANGE in km 4000 3000
2000
1000 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 MAX. TAKE OFF WEIGHT in kg
Rate of Climb vs Wing Loading
500 450 400 WING LOADING kg/m2 350
300 250
200 150 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 RATE OF CLIMB in m/s
Cruise Speed vs Thrust
35 30 25 THRUST in KN 20 15 10 5 0 0 200 400 600 CRUISE SPEED in km/h 800 1000 1200
Cruise Speed vs Service Ceiling
16000
15500 SERVICE CEILING in m
15000
14500
14000
13500 0 200 400 600 CRUISE SPEED in km/h 800 1000 1200
Wing Span vs Cruise Speed
1200 1000
CRUISE SPEED in km/h
800
600
400
200
10
WING SPAN in m
15
20
25
Wing Area vs Cruise Speed
1200 1000
CRUISE SPEED in km/h
800
600
400
200
10
20
30
WING AREA in m2
40
50
60
Aspect Ratio vs Cruise Speed
1200 1000
CRUISE SPEED in km/h
800
600
400
200
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 ASPECT RATIO 6 7 8 9 10
Cruise Speed vs Rate of Climb
35 30 25 RATE OF CLIMB in m/s 20 15 10 5 0
200
400
600
CRUISE SPEED in km/h
800
1000
1200
Empty Weight vs Max. Take Off Weight
20000 18000 MAX. TAKE OFF WEIGHT in kg 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 2000 4000 6000 EMPTY WEIGHT in kg 8000 10000 12000
Rate of Climb vs Thrust
35 30 25 THRUST in KN 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 RATE OF CLIMB in m/s 25 30 35
Empty Weight vs Cruise Speed
1200 1000 800 600
CRUISE SPEED in km/h
400
200 0
2000
4000
6000
EMPTY WEIGHT in kg
8000
10000
12000
Cruise Speed vs Range
7000 6000 5000 RANGE in km 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 200 400 600 CRUISE SPEED in km/h 800 1000 1200
Cruise Speed vs Mach No
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 MACH NO. 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
0.1
0 0 200 400 600 CRUISE SPEED in km/h 800 1000 1200
Average Value Taken From Graph
MAXIMUM TAKEOFF: 12000 kg CRUISE SPEED: 850 km/hr RANGE: 4500 km EMPTY WEIGHT: 6500 kg MAXIMUM SPEED: 942 km SERVICE CEILING: 12497 m WING LOADING: 363 kg/m2 WING AREA:38 m2 WING SPAN: 15 m STALL SPEED: 54.75 mps RATE OF CLIMB:90 m/min
Mission Profile
MISSIONS
0-1: Engine Start & Warmup
1-2: Takeoff & Climb 2-3: Cruise
3-4: Loiter & Descent
4-5: Landing & Shutoff
Estimation of Fuel fraction
Mission
0-1: W1/W0 = 0.97 (Historical value) 1-2: W2/W1 = 0.9 (Historical value) 2-3: W3/W2 = 0.68 (Range Equation) 3-4: W4/W3 = 0.95 (Endurance value) 4-5: W5/W4 = 0.992 (Historical Equation)
Range Equation
Wi/Wi-1 = e-RC/V(L/D) X 0.866
Range = 1757248 ft C = 0.7(per hour) = 0.000194(per sec)
Velocity = 0.85M = 774.64 ft/s
L/D = 13 W3/W2 = 0.68
Endurance Equation
Wi/Wi-1 = e-EC/(L/D)
Endurance = 2700 s C = 0.000222 (S)
L/D = 13
W4/W3 = 0.95
WEIGHT ESTIMATION
W0 = Wcrew + Wpayload + Wfuel + Wempty
W0 = 14255.62 Kg
Weight of Fuel
Tank Capacity = 2228.96 gal Empty Weight = 7412.92 Kg
= 0.40
Wf = 5702.11 Kg
Wing Design
Matching Plot
Gulfstream G200 Learjet 60XR Hawker 400 Embraer Phenon 300 Learjet 40 Learjet 55 Bombardier Challenger 300 CESSNA 560 CITATION ENCORE Cessna 560XL Citation Excel and XLS Cessna 680 Citation Soverign Cessna 750 Citation X Gulfstream G150 Hawker 4000 Horizon Learjet 25 lLearjet 45 Learjet 60 Falcon 2000EX 59.8 58.94 53.82 50.46 53.42 57.93 52.64 47.64 48.61 49.19 51.73 53.94 52.65 53.84 54.75 58.91 53.8 4598.97 4255.79 3194.05 2807.73 3234.42 3803.02 3564.37 2474.81 2605.48 2816.34 3278.14 3386.02 3565.23 3100.2 3304.56 4251 3723.2 0.34 0.39 0.41 0.35 0.34 0.35 0.43 0.47 0.41 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.39 0.32 0.39 0.29 0.17 0.2 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.2 0.2 0.19 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.2 0.16 0.2 0.14 0.28 0.33 0.33 0.24 0.23 0.29 0.37 0.39 0.32 0.33 0.28 0.31 0.25 0.45 0.22 0.33 0.28 28 0.36 0.29 0.25 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.3 0.29 0.31 0.23 0.27 0.3 0.29 0.32 0.36 0.28
WING SELECTION
WING GEOMETRY DESIGN The geometry of the wing is a function of four parameters, namely the 1) Wing loading (W/S), 2) Sweepback angle at quarter chord (qc). The Take-off Weight that was estimated in the previous analysis is used to find the Aspect Ratio (b2/S), The value of S also enables us to calculate the Taper ratio () Form Raymer book we choose our, Taper Ratio () = 0.33
WING AREA: Wing Area (S) = Weight/Wing Loading S = ( 14255.62 x 9.81 ) 3290 S = 42.5 m2 Wing Span: From Our Graph we found mean value of Aspect Ratio (AR) = 7.55
Wing Span (b) = 7.55 x 42,5 b = 17.91 m
WING CHORD DESIGN:
ROOT CHORD Cr:
root = 2 x S/ b(1+)
root = 3.57 m
TIP CHORD Ct:
From Ramer Book, the taper ratio = 0.33
t = x root t = 1.19 m
Distance of the Mean Chord from the Aircraft Centre line:
= b(1+2 ) =3.73 m
SWEEP ANGLE :
6 x (1+2 )
C/2 = 30 C/4 = 33.20
Sweep back angle at leading angle LE = 36.17
TE = 19.16
Dihedral Angle
Dihedral Angle = 2.7 Incidence Angle = 2
AIRFOIL SELECTION
Chord line: It is the straight line connecting leading
edge (LE) and trailing edge (TE). Chord (c): It is the length of chord line. Thickness (t): measured perpendicular to chord line as a % of it (subsonic typically 12%). Camber (d): It is the curvature of section, perpendicular distance of section mid-points from chord line as a % of it (sub sonically typically 3%). Angle of attack (): It is the angular difference between chord line and airflow directio
NACA 4 Digit 1st digit: maximum camber (as % of chord). 2nd digit (x10): location of maximum camber (as % of chord from
leading edge (LE)). 3rd & 4th digits: maximum section thickness (as % of chord). NACA 5 Digit 1st digit (x0.15): design lift coefficient. 2nd & 3rd digits (x0.5): location of maximum camber (as % of chord from LE). 4th & 5th digits: maximum section thickness (as % of chord). NACA 6 Digit 1st digit: identifies series type. 2nd digit (x10): location of minimum pressure (as % of chord from leading edge (LE)). 3rd digit: indicates acceptable range of CL above/below design value for satisfactory low drag performance (as tenths of CL). 4th digit (x0.1): design CL. 5th & 6th digits: maximum section thickness (%c)
IDEAL LIFT COEFFICIENT
CLC - Ideal Lift coefficient of the aircraft CLC= 2WAV / *V S = (2*10297.13*9.81)/ {0.29*(236.11)^2*42.5} = 0.29 CLCW Ideal Lift coefficient of the Wing CLCW= CLC / 0.95 = 0.31 CLi- Ideal Lift coefficient of the Airfoil CLi= CLCW/ 0.9 =0.31/0.9 = 0.34 IDEAL LIFT COEFFICIENT(AIRFOIL)= 0.3
E 2
Maximum lift coefficient (STALL SPEED):
CLC max=Max. lift coeff. Of aircraft =2WTO/ VS^2 S =(2*14255.62*9.81)/{1.225*(54.75)^2*42.5) = 1.79 CCLMAX(WING)= Max. lift coeff. Of wing =CLCMAX/0.95 = 1.88 CLCMAX(GROSS)=Gross lift coeff. Of airfoil(with use of Flaps) =CLCMAX(WING)/0.9 = 2.09
CLC(AIRFOIL)= CLCMAX(GROSS) -CL =2.09- 0.7 =1.39
MAX. LIFT COEFFICIENT(AIRFOIL)= 1.39
Root Airfoil
Thickness: 24.0% Camber: 2.8% Trailing edge angle: 32.3o Lower flatness: 14.6% Leading edge radius: 7.4% Max CL: 1.36
Max CL angle: 15.0 Max L/D: 27.038 Max L/D angle: 6.0 Max L/D CL: 0.761 Stall angle: 1.5 Zero-lift angle: -1.0
LIFT TO DRAG RATIO OF NACA 23024
a). = 00 CL =0.1 (from above fig.) Cd =0.0072 (from above fig.)
b). = 60 CL =0.57 (from above fig.) Cd =0.0085 (from above fig.) c). = 120 CL =0.6 (from above fig.) Cd =0.007 (from above fig.)
0.1 = = 0.0072
13.88
0.57 0.0085
= 67.05
0.6 0.007
= = 85.71
Tip Airfoil
Thickness: 21.0% Camber: 1.9% Trailing edge angle: 28.3o Lower flatness: 22.2% Leading edge radius: 6.2% Max CL: 1.244 Max CL angle: 15.0
Max L/D: 25.219 Max L/D angle: 7.0 Max L/D CL: 0.873 Stall angle: 3.0 Zero-lift angle: -1.0
LIFT TO DRAG RATIO OF NACA 23021
a). = 00 CL =0.1 (from above fig.) Cd =0.007 (from above fig.)
b). = 60 CL =0.7 (from above fig.) Cd =0.0085 (from above fig.) c). = 120 CL =0.75 (frm above fig.) Cd =0.0087 (frm above fig.)
0.1 = = 0.007
14.28
0.7 = = 0.0085
82.35
0.75 = = 0.0087
86.206
AVERAGE CL max
Average CL max with NACA 23024 and NACA 23021
=
1.36+1.244 2
CL max = 1.302
Flap Selection
Types of flap systems include:
Krueger flap: hinged flap on the leading edge. Often called a
"droop". Plain flap: rotates on a simple hinge. Split flap: upper and lower surfaces are separate, the lower surface operates like a plain flap, but the upper surface stays immobile or moves only slightly. Gouge flap: a cylindrical or conical aerofoil section which rotates backwards and downwards about an imaginary axis below the wing, increasing wing area and chord without affecting trim. Invented by Arthur Gouge for Short Brothers in 1936. .
Flap Selection
Fowler flap: slides backwards before hinging downwards,
thereby increasing both camber and chord, creating a larger wing surface better tuned for lower speeds. It also provides some slot effect. The Fowler flap was invented by Harlan D. Fowler . Fairey-Youngman flap: moves body down before moving aft and rotating. Slotted flap: a slot (or gap) between the flap and the wing enables high pressure air from below the wing to re-energize the boundary layer over the flap. This helps the airflow to stay attached to the flap, delaying the stall. Blown flaps: systems that blow engine air over the upper surface of the flap atcertain angles to improve lift characteristics
Selected Flap
Double Slotted Flap
POWER PLANT SELECTION
The literature survey indicated a thrust to weight ratio of 0.28 was appropriate. Hence:
Engine total take-off thrust = 0.28 14255.62 9.81 = 31.19 kN (3991.57 Kg)
With two engines this equates to 19.58 kN per engine (1995.79 kg)
[Link]
Name of the engine
type
Thrust (KN)
1 2 3 4
Honey well TFE73120(Garrett) General Electric CF700
s:
turbofan turbofan turbofan Turbofan
20 18.7 15.8 18.9
Pratt & Whitney JTIA8 Honey well TFE731-40R200G
Calculated thrust and weight of the engine are satisfied with the General Honey wellTFE731-20 therefore chosen this engine.
