1.

DEFINITION OF A SEQUENCE
A succession of numbers a1, a2, a3..., an, ... formed, according to some definite rule, is called a sequence.

2. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (A.P.)

A sequence of numbers {an} is called an arithmetic progression, if there is a number d, such that
d = an–an–1 for all n. d is called the common difference (C.D.) of the A.P.
(i) Useful Formulae
If a = first term, d = common difference and n is the number of terms, then
(a) nth term is denoted by tn and is given by
tn = a + (n – 1) d.
(b) Sum of first n terms is denoted by Sn and is given by
n
Sn  [2a  (n  1)d]
2
n
or S n  (a  l ) , where l = last term in the series i.e., l = tn = a + (n – 1) d.
2
(c) Arithmetic mean A of any two numbers a and b
ab
A .
2

(d) Sum of first n natural numbers (  n )

n(n  1)
n  2
, where n  N .

(e) Sum of squares of first n natural numbers (  n 2 )

n( n  1) (2n  1)
n 2

6
(f) Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers (n 3 )
2
 n(n  1) 
n 3  
 2 
(g) Middle term: If the number of terms is n, and
th
 n 1 
 n is odd, then   term is the middle terms
 2 
th th
n n 
 n is even, then   and   1 terms are middle terms.
2 2 
 (h) If terms are given in A.P., and their sum is known, then the terms must be picked up in following
way
 For three terms in A.P., we choose them as (a – d), a, (a + d)
 For four terms in A.P. , we choose them as (a – 3d), (a – d), (a + d), (a + 3d)
 For five terms in A.P., we choose them as (a – 2d), (a – d), a, (a + d), (a + 2d) etc.
(ii) Useful Properties
 If tn = an + b, then the series so formed is an A.P.
 If Sn = an2 + bn + c, then series so formed is an A.P.
 If every term of an A.P. is increased or decreased by some quantity, the resulting terms will also
be in A.P.
 If every term of an A.P. is multiplied or divided by some non-zero quantity, the resulting terms
will also be in A.P.
 In an A.P. the sum of terms equidistant from the beginning and end is constant and equal to sum
of first and last terms.
 Sum and difference of corresponding terms of two A.P.’s will form an A.P.

 If terms a1, a2, ..., an, an+1, ..., a2n+1 are in A.P., then sum of these terms will be equal to
(2n + 1)an+1.
 If terms a1, a2, ..., a2n–1, a2n are in A.P. The sum of these terms will be equal to
 a n  a n 1 
(2n)  .
 2 
Illustration 1:
The mth term of an A.P. is n and its nth term is m. Prove that its pth term is m + n – p. Also show
that its (m + n) th term is zero.
Solution:
Given Tm = a + (m – 1) d = n and Tn = a + (n – 1) d = m
Solving we get, d = –1 and a = m + n – 1
 Tp = a + (p –1)d = m + n – 1 + (p – 1) (–1) = m + n – p
Now, Tm + n = a + (m + n – 1)d = (m + n –1) + (m + n–1) (–1) = 0.
Illustration 2:
1 2
Find the number of terms in the series 20, 19 , 18 , ..... of which the sum is 300. Explain the
3 3
double answer.
Solution:
2
Clearly here a = 20, d   and Sn = 300.
3

 n   2 
    2  20  (n  1)      300
 2   3 
Simplifying, n2 – 61n + 900 = 0  n = 25 or 36.
Since common ratio is negative and S25 = S36 = 300, it shows that the sum of the eleven terms
i.e., T26, T27 , ....., T36 is zero.
 Practice Problems # 01
1 1
1. (a) In an A. P., the mth term is and the nth term is , find (mn)th term.
n m
1 1
(b) In an A. P., if the pth term is and the qth term is , prove that the sum of the first pq terms
q p
1
must be (pq + 1).
2

2. How many terms of the sequence 18, 16, 14, .......... should be taken so their sum is zero ?

3. (a) Show that the linear function in n, i.e., f(n) = an + b determine an arithmetic progression, where a
and b are constants.

(b) If the sum of n terms of an A. P. is (pn + qn2), where p and q are constants, find the common
difference.

4. Find the sum of all natural numbers between 100 and 1000 which are multiples of 5 or 2.

bc ca ab 1 1 1

5. If a + b + c 0 and , , are in A. P., prove that , , are also in A. P.
a b c a b c

6. The ratio of the sums of m and n terms of an A. P. is m2 : n2. Show that the ratio of mth and nth term is
2m–1 : 2n–1.

3. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (G.P.)

A sequence of the numbers {an}, in which a1  0 , is called a geometric progression, if there is a

an
number r  0 such that a  r for all n r is called the common ratio (C.R.) of the G.P..
n 1

(i) Useful Formulae

If a = first term, r = common ratio and n is the number of terms, then
(a) nth term, denoted by tn , is given by tn = arn–1
(b) Sum of first n terms denoted by Sn is given by

a(1  r n ) a(r n  1) a  rl
Sn  or or ,
1 r r 1 1 r

where l is the last term (the nth term) in the series, r  1

In case r = 1, Sn = na.
 (c) Sum of infinite terms (S )

a
S  (for | r |  1)
1 r
Note: When |r|  1, the series is divergent and so its sum is not possible.
(d) Geometric mean (G.M.)

G  ab is the geometric mean of two positive numbers a and b.

(e) If terms are given in G.P. and their product is known, then the terms must be picked up in the
following way.
a
 For three terms in G.P., we choose them as , a, ar
r

a a
 For four terms in G.P., we choose them as 3
, , ar, ar 3
r r

a a
 For five terms in G.P., we choose them as 2
, , a, ar, ar 2 etc.
r r
(ii) Useful Properties
(a) The product of the terms equidistant from the beginning and end is constant, and it is equal to
the product of the first and the last term.
(b) If every term of a G.P. is multiplied or divided by the some non-zero quantity, the resulting
progression is a G.P.
(c) If a1, a2, a3 ... and b1, b2, b3, ... be two G.P.’s of common ratio r1 and r2 respectively, then a1b1
a1 a 2 a 3 r
, a2b2 ... and , , ... will also form a G.P. Common ratio will be r1r2 and 1 respectively..
b1 b 2 b3 r2

(d) If a1, a2, a3, ... be a G.P. of positive terms, then loga1, loga2, loga3, ... will be an A.P. and
conversely.
Illustration 3:
The first term of an infinite G..P is 1 and any term is equal to the sum of all the succeeding terms.
find the series.
Solution:
Given that Tp = (Tp+1 + Tp+2 + .....  )
or, arp–1 = arp + arp+1 + arp+2 + ...

rp
 rp–1 = [sum of an infinite G.P.]
1 r
1
 1–r=r  r=
2
1 1 1
Hence the series is 1, , , , ...  .
2 4 8
 Practice Problems # 02
11
Evaluate  (2  3 ) .
k
1.
k 1

2. Given a G. P. with a = 729 and 7th term is 64, determine S7.

3. Find four numbers forming a geometric progression in which the third term is greater than the first term
by 9, and the second term is greater than the fourth by 18.

4. If the first and the nth terms of a G. P. are a and b, respectively, and if P is the product of first n terms,
prove that P2 = (ab)n.

5. If a, b, c are in G. P., prove that a2 + b2, ab + bc, b2 + c2 are also in G. P.

6. Sum of the following series to infinity ( 2 + 1) + 1 + ( 2 – 1) + .......... .

7. If a G. P. the first term is 7, the last term 448, and the sum 889; find the common ratio.

8. If Sp denote the sum of the series 1 + rp + r2p + . . . ad inf., and sp the sum of the series
1 – rp + r2p – . . . ad inf., prove that Sp + sp = 2S2p.

9. If the pth, qth, rth terms of a G. P. be a, b, c respectively, prove that aq – r br – p cp – q = 1.

4. HARMONIC PROGRESSION (H.P.)

(a) A sequence is said to be in harmonic progression, if and only if the reciprocal of its terms form
an arithmetic progression.
For example
1 1 1
, , ... form an H.P., because 2, 4, 6, ... are in A.P..
2 4 6
(b) If a, b are first two terms of an H.P. then
1
tn 
1 1 1
 (n  1)   
a b a
(c) Harmonic mean H of any two numbers a and b
2 2ab
H  , where a, b are two non-zero numbers.
1 1 ab

a b
(d) If terms are given in H.P. then the terms could be picked up in the following way
(i) For three terms in H.P, we choose them as
1 1 1
, ,
a d a ad
 (ii) For four terms in H.P, we choose them as
1 1 1 1
, , ,
a  3d a  d a  d a  3d
(iii) For five terms in H.P, we choose them as
1 1 1 1 1
, , , ,
a  2d a  d a a  d a  2d
Illustration 4:
If a1, a2, a3, ... an are in harmonic progression, prove that
a1a2 + a2a3 + ... + an–1 an = (n – 1) a1an .
Solution:
Since a1, a2 , ... , an are in H.P.,
1 1 1 1
, , ,...,
a1 a 2 a 3 a n are in A.P. having common difference d (say) .

1 1 1 1 1 1
   d,   d, ...  d
a 2 a1 a3 a 2 a n a n 1
or a1 – a2 = d(a1a2), a2 – a3 = d (a2a3), ... , (an–1 – an) = d(an–1 an )
Adding the above relations, we get
a1 – an = d (a1a2 + a2a3 +... + an–1 an) ... (1)
1 1 1 1
Now a  a  (n  1)d    (n  1)d
a n a1
n 1

or (a1 – an) = (n – 1) d an a1 ... (2)

Putting the value of a1 – an from (2) in (1), we get
(n – 1) an a1d = d (a1a2 + a2a3 + ... + an–1 an)
 (n – 1) ana1 = a1a2 + a2a3 + ... + an–1 an.

Practice Problems # 03
mn
1. The mth term of a H. P. is n and the nth term is m. Prove that the pth term is .
p

2. In a H. P., if pth term is qr and qth term is pr. Prove that the rth term is pq.

3. If the pth, qth and rth terms of a H. P. are a, b, c respectively, prove that
qr rp pq
+ + =0
a b c

4. If H. M. and A. M. of the two numbers are 3 and 4, respectively, find the numbers.

6 1
5. Find H. P. whose 3rd and 14th terms are respectively and .
7 3
5. INSERTION OF MEANS BETWEEN TWO NUMBERS
Let a and b be two given numbers.
(i) Arithmetic Means
If a, A1, A2 , ... An, b are in A.P., then A1, A2, ... An are called n A.M.’s between a and b. If d is the
ba
common difference, then b = a + (n + 2 – 1) d  d =
n 1
b  a a(n 1 i)  ib
Ai = a + id = a + i  , i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n
n 1 n 1
n
Note: The sum of n-A. M  s, i.e., A1 + A2 + ... + An = (a  b)
2
(ii) Geometric means
If a, G1, G2 ... Gn, b are in G.P., then G1, G2 ... Gn are called n G.M.s between a and b. If r is the
1

 r =  b 
(n 1)
common ratio, then b = a.r n+1

a
i
n 1i i
Gi = ari = a    a
b n 1 n 1
.b n 1 , i = 1, 2, ..., n
a

 
n
Note: The product of n-G. M  s i.e., G1 G2 ... Gn = ab
(iii) Harmonic Means
If a, H1, H2... Hn, b are in H.P., then H1, H2 ... Hn are called n H.M.s between a and b. If d is the
common difference of the corresponding A.P., then
1 1 ab
  (n  2  1) d  d 
b a ab(n  1)

1 1 1 ab ab(n  1)
  id   i  , i  1, 2, 3, ..., n
Hi a a ab(n  1) b(n  i  1)  ia

Illustration 5:
If A1, A2; G1 , G2 and H1 , H2 be two A.M.s, G.M.s and H.M.s between two quantities ‘a’ and ‘b’
then show that A1H2 = A2 H1 = G1G2 = ab
Solution:
a, A1 , A2, b be are in A.P. ... (1)
a, H1 , H2 , b are in H.P.
1 1 1 1
, , ,
 a H1 H 2 b are in A.P..
Multiply by ab.
ab ab
 b, , , a are in A.P.
H1 H 2
take in reverse order.
 ab ab
or a, , ,b
H 2 H1 are in A.P.. ... (2)

Compare (1) and (2)

ab ab
 A1  and A 2 
H2 H1
 A1H2 = A2H1 = ab = G1G2

Practice Problems # 04
a n  bn
1. If n 1 is the G. M. between a and b, then find the value of n.
a  b n 1

2. Show that the sum of n arithmetic means between two numbers is n times the single arithmetic mean
between them.

3. The sum of the two numbers is 6 times their geometric mean. Show that the number are in the ratio
3+2 2 :3–2 2.
4. Show that the product of n geometric means between two given numbers is equal to nth power of the
single geometric mean between them.

1 1 1 1
5. If b is the harmonic mean between a and c, prove that + = + .
ba bc a c

6. ARITHMETIC-GEOMETRIC SERIES
A series whose each term is formed, by multiplying corresponding terms of an A.P. and a G.P., is called
an Arithmetic-geometric series.
e.g. 1 + 2x + 4x2 + 6x3 + ..... ; a + (a + d) r + (a + 2d)r2 + .....
(i) Summation of n terms of an Arithmetic-Geometric Series
Let Sn = a + (a + d) r + (a + 2d)r2 + ... + [a + (n – 1)d] rn–1, d  0 , r  1
Multiply by ‘r’ and rewrite the series in the following way
rSn = ar + (a + d)r2 + (a + 2d)r3 + ... + [a + (n – 2)d]rn–1 + [a + (n – 1)d ]rn
on subtraction,
Sn (1 – r) = a + d(r + r2 + ... + rn–1) – [a + (n– 1)d]rn

dr(1  r n 1 )
or, Sn (1  r)  a   [a  (n  1)d].r n
1 r

a dr(1  r n 1 ) [a  (n  1)d] n
or, Sn    .r
1 r (1  r) 2 1 r
 (ii) Summation of Infinite Series
a dr
If |r| < 1, then (n –1)rn, rn–1  0, as n   . Thus S  = S = 
1  r (1  r) 2

Practice Problems # 05
2.1 3.1 4.1
1. Find the sum of infinity of the series 1 + + 2 + 3 + ....... .
3 3 3

1 1
2. Find sum to n terms of the series, 3 + 5 × + 7 × 2 + .............
4 4

3. Find sum to n terms of the series, 1 + 4x + 7x 2 + 10x3 + .... when | x | < 1.

44
4. If the sum to the infinity of the series 3 + 5r + 7r2 + .. is , then find r..
9

5. If the sum to infinity of the series

1 1 44
3 + (3 + d) + (3 + 2d) 2 + .. is , then find d.
4 4 9

7. SUM OF MISCELLANEOUS SERIES

(i) Deference Method

Let T1, T2, T3 ... Tn be the terms of a sequence and let (T2 – T1) = T1 , (T3 – T2) = T2 ... ,

(Tn – Tn–1) = T n 1 .

Case I: If T1, T2 ,....Tn1 are in A.P. then Tn is a quadratic in ‘n’. If T1 – T2 , T2  T3 , ... are in A.P.,
then Tn is a cubic in n.

Case II: If T1, T2 ,....Tn1 are not in A.P., but if T1 , T2 ,..., Tn1 are in G.P., then Tn = arn + b, where

r is the C.R. of the G.P. T1 , T2 , T3 .....and a, b  R.

Again if T1,T,...T
 n1 are not in G.P. but T2  T1, T3  T2 ,...Tn1  Tn 2 are in G.P., then Tn is of the form
2

arn + bn + c; r is the C.R. of the G.P. T2  T1, T3  T2 T4  T3 ... and a, b, c  R.
(ii) Vn – Vn–1 Method
Let T1, T2, T3 , ... be the terms of a sequence. If there exists a sequence V 1, V2, V3 ... satisfying
n n

Tk = Vk – Vk–1, k  1, then Sn   Tk   (Vk  Vk 1 )  Vn  V0 .

k 1 k 1
Illustration 6 :
Find the sum of n terms of the series 3 + 7 + 14 + 24 + 37 + ... .
Solution:
Clearly here the differences between the successive terms are
7 – 3, 14 – 7, 24 – 14, ... i.e., 4, 7, 10, ... which are in A.P.
 Tn = an2 + bn + c
Thus we have 3 = a + b + c, 7 = 4a + 2b + c and 14 = 9a + 3b + c
3 1 1
Solving we get, a  , b   ,c 2 . Hence Tn  (3n 2  n  4)
2 2 2
1 1  n(n  1) (2n  1) n(n  1)  n
 Sn = [3n 2  n  4n]  3   4n   (n 2  n  4)
2 2 6 2  2

Illustration 7 :
Find the sum of n terms of the series 3 + 8 + 22 + 72 + 266 + 1036 + .....
Solution:
1st difference 5, 14, 50, 194, 770, ...
2nd difference 9, 36, 144, 576, .....
They are in G.P. whose nth term is arn–1 = a4n–1
 Tn of the given series will be of the form
Tn = a4n–1 + bn + c
T1 = a + b + c = 3
T2 = 4a + 2b + c = 8
T3 = 16a + 3b + c = 22
Solving we have a = 1, b = 2, c = 0.
 Tn = 4n–1 + 2n
1
 Sn =  4 n 1  2n  (4 n  1)  n(n  1) .
3

Practice Problems # 06
1. Find the sum to n terms of the following series 3.8 + 6.11 + 9.14 + . . .

2. Find the sum of n terms of the series whose nth term is n2 + 2n.

1 3 5 2n  1
3. Find the sum of the following series upto nth terms + 2 + 3 + .... + .
2 2 2 2n
x x2 x4
4. Find the sum of the series : + + + ..... upto to n terms.
1 x 2 1  x 4 1  x8
5. Show that
a1 a2 a3 an
1  a1 + (1  a1 )(1  a 2 ) + (1  a1 )(1  a 2 )(1  a 3 ) + . . . + (1  a 1 )(1  a 2 )  ........  (1  a n )

1
= 1 – (1  a )(1  a )  ........  (1  a ) .
1 2 n
 . INEQUALITIES

(i) If a > b and b > c, then a > c. More generally, if a1 > a2, a2 > a3,....., an - 1 > an, then a1 > an.

(ii) If a > b, then for every c, a + c > b + c and a - c > b - c.

(iii) If a > b, then (a) ac > bc and a/c > b/c for c > 0, and

(b) ac < bc and a/c < b/c for c < 0.

(iv) If a > b > 0, then 1/a < 1/b.

(v) If a1 > b1, a2 > b2, ........., an > bn, then a1 + a2 + ........+ an > b1 + b2 +.......+ bn.

(vi) If a1 > b1 > 0, a2 > b2 > 0, ............., an > bn > 0, then a1 a2.......an > b1 b2.....bn.

(vii) If 0 < a < 1 < b and r is any positive rational number, then

(a) 0 < ar < 1 < a- r, and

(b) 0 < b- r < 1 < b r .

(viii) If 0 < a < b and if r is any positive rational number, then ar < br and a-r > b-r.

Remark : The inequalities in 7 & 8 remain true even if r is a positive real number

(ix) | a  b |  | a |  | b | . More generally, | a1 + a2 + .....+ an |  | a 1 |  | a 2 | ....... | a n | .

* Unless stated otherwise, all the quantities involved in this article will be taken as real
numbers.
 x if x  0
* Recall that | x | =  . Also, note that | x | = max { - x, x}.
 x if x  0

(x)  | a |  a  | a | for each a  R .

(xi) If b  0 , then | x  a |  b if and only if a  b  x  a  b .

(xii) If a > 1 and x > y > 0, then log a x > log a y, and if 0 < a < 1 and x > y > 0, then log a x < log a y

(xiii) If a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ,.........a n are n positive real numbers, then for n2

(1 + a1) (1 + a2) .........(1 + an) > 1 + a1 + a2 + ........+ an
(xiv) Arithmetic Mean  Geometric Mean
Given any n positive real numbers a1, a2, ......., an, the positive numbers A and G, defined by
1
A (a 1  a 2  .......  a n ) and G  (a 1 , a 2 ,......., a n )1/ n are called respectively the arithmetic
n
mean and geometric mean of a1, a2, ........, an .
A and G both lie between the least and the geometric mean of a1, a2,...., an.
(xv) Geometric Mean  Harmonic Mean
Suppose a1, a2,...., an are n positive real numbers. Let G  (a1 a 2 ..........a n )1/ n and

1 1 1 1 1 
    ........   . Thus A  G  H .
H n  a1 a 2 an 
(xvi) Weighted Means
1
a1w1  a 2 w 2  ...  a n w n
A* = , G*  (a1w1 .a 2 w 2 ...a n w n ) w1  w 2 ...w n
w1  w 2  ...  w n

w1  w 2  ...  w n
and H*  .
w1 w 2 wn
  ... 
a1 a 2 an
A* G* H*
(xvii) Cauchy’s Shwartz -
If a1, a2, .........an and b1, b2,.........., bn are 2n real numbers, then

(a1b1 + a2b2 +.............+ an bn)2  (a12 + a22 +............+ an2) (b12 + b22 +..........+ b2n) with the
a1 a 2 a
equality holding if and only if   ..........  n .
b1 b 2 bn
Illustration 8:
ab
 a b 
Prove that   [Link] , a,b N;a  b.
 2 
Solution:
Let us consider b quantities each equal to a and a quantities each equal to b. Then since
A.M. > G.M.
(a  a  a  ...b times)  (b  b  b  ...a times)
 [(a.a.a...b times) (b.b.b. ... a times)]1/(a+b)
ab
ab  ab
  (a b b a )1/(a  b)
ab
2ab
  (a b b a )1/(a  b)
ab
a  b 2ab
Now  (A.M. > H.M.)
2 ab
a b
ab
    a b .b a .
 2 
9. ARITHMETIC MEAN OF mth POWER
Let a1, a2 ... , an be n positive real numbers and let m be a real number, then
m
a1m  a 2m  ...  a nm  a  a  ...  a n 
 1 2  , if m  R  [0,1].
n  n 
m
a 1m  a 2m  ...  a nm  a  a  ...  a n 
However if m  (0, 1), then  1 2 
n  n 
m
a1m  a 2m  ...  a nm  a1  a 2  ...  a n 
Obviously if m {0,1}, then  
n  n 

Illustration 9:
Prove that a4+ b4 + c4  abc (a + b + c), [a, b, c > 0]

Solution:
Using mth power inequality, we get
4
a 4  b4  c4  a  b  c 
 
3  3 
3
 a  b  c  a  b  c  abc
    1/ 3 3
 [(abc) ] ( A.M  G.M)
.M)
 3  3   3 

a 4  b4  c4  a  b  c 
or   abc
3  3 
 a + b + c  abc (a + b + c).
4 4 4

Illustration 10:
s s s 9
Prove that    , if s = a + b + c, [a, b, c > 0]
sa sb sc 2
Solution:
1 1 1 9
We have to prove that   
b  c c  a a  b 2(a  b  c)
for the proof , using mth power theorem of inequality, we get
1
(a  b) 1  (b  c) 1  (c  a) 1  a  b  b  c  c  a 
 
3  3
1 1 1 9
or,   
b  c c  a a  b 2(a  b  c)
Aliter :
A.M.  H.M.
(a  b)  (b  c)  (c  a) 3 1 1 1 9
     
3 1 1 1 a  b b  c c  a 2(a  b  c)
 
a b bc ca

13
 Practice Problems # 07
1. Prove that if a, b, c > 0 then a2 (b + c) + b2 (c + a) + c2 (a + b) 6 abc.

2. If x, y, z > 0 and x + y + z = 1, prove that

1
(a) x2 + y2 + z2 
3
1
(b) x2yz 
64

3. If x + y + z = 6 (x, y, z > 0).

(a) Find the maximum value of xyz.
(b) Find the maximum value of x2yz.

4. If a > 0 prove that (a3 + a2 + a + 1)2 16a3.

n 1
5. For every natural number greater than one prove that 2n – 1  n.2 2 .
a 3b 27
6. On applying AM GM for four numbers three of which are equal, prove that 4
 .
(a  b ) 256

n 1
7. If a1, a2, .........., an > 0 prove that  aia j 
2
(a1  a 2  .......  a n ) .
0i  j  n

8. For every natural number n prove that nn > 1.3.5 ....... (2n – 1).
 ANSWER SHEET
Practice Problems # 01

1. (a) 1 2. 19 3.(b) 2q 4. 296450

Practice Problems # 02

3 11
1. 22 + (3 – 1) 2. 2059 3. 3, –6, 12, –24
2
43 2 
6.   7. 2
 2 
 

Practice Problems # 03

6 6 3
4. 2, 6 5. , 1, , , . . .
5 7 4

Practice Problems # 04

9 8 1   2n  1 
1. 2. 4  1  n 1    
4 9  4   3  4n 1 ) 

 1 3x (1  x n 1 ) (2n  1) x n  1 17
3.     4. or 5. 2
1  x (1  x ) 2 (1  x )  4 11

Practice Problems # 05

n
1. 3n (n + 1) (n + 3) 2. (n + 1) (2n + 1) + 2 (2n – 1)
6

1 1 1
3. [3(2n – 1) – 2n] 4. 
2n 1  x 1  x 2n

Practice Problems # 07

81
3. (a) 8 (b)
4