Understanding Arithmetic, Geometric, and Harmonic Progressions
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Progressions
CONTENTS
3.1 Introduction
Arithmetic progression (A.P.)
3.2 Definition
3.3 General term of an A.P.
3.4 Selection of terms in an A.P.
3.5 Arithmetic mean
3. 6 Properties of A.P.
Geometric progression (G.P.)
3.7 Definition
3.8 General term of G.P.
3.9 Sum of first n terms of a G.P.
3.10 Selection of terms in a G.P.
3.11 Sum of infinite terms of a G.P.
3.12 Geometric mean
3.13 Prpoperties of G.P.
Harmonic progression (H.P.) Leonardo Fibonacci
3.14 Definition
3.15 General term of an H.P.
3.16 Harmonic mean
According to Boethius (510 A.D.) arithmetic,
Geometric and Harmonic sequences were known to
3.17 Properties of H.P.
early Greek writers. Among the Indian
Arithmetico-geometric progression (A.G.P.) mathematician; Aryabhatta (476 A.D.) was the first
3.18 nth term of A.G.P. to give the formula for the sum of squares and cubes
3.19 Sum of A.G.P. of natural numbers in his famous work
3.20 Method of finding sum Aryabhatiyam.
3.21 Method of difference
Miscellaneous series Another special type of sequence having important
3.22 Special series applications in mathematics, called Fibonacci
3.23 Vn method sequence, was discovered by Italian Mathematician
3.24 Properties of arithmetic, geometric and Leonardo Fibonacci (1170-1250 A.D.) The general
harmonic means between two given numbers series was given by Frenchman Francois-vieta (1540-
3.25 Relation between A.P., G.P. and H.P. 1603 A.D.)
3.26 Applications of progressions It was only through the rigorous developed of
Assignment (Basic and Advance Level) algebraic and set theoretic tools that the concepts
Answer Sheet of Assignment related to sequence and series could be formulated
suitably.
Progressions 1
Progressions
3.1 Introduction.
(1) Sequence : A sequence is a function whose domain is the set of natural numbers, N.
If f : N C is a sequence, we usually denote it by f (n) f (1), f (2), f (3),....
It is not necessary that the terms of a sequence always follow a certain pattern or they are described by some explicit
formula for the nth term. Terms of a sequence are connected by commas. Example : 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, …………. is a sequence.
(2) Series : By adding or subtracting the terms of a sequence, we get a series.
If t1 , t 2 , t 3 , ..... t n , ..... is a sequence, then the expression t1 t 2 t 3 ..... t n .... is a series.
A series is finite or infinite as the number of terms in the corresponding sequence is finite or infinite.
1 1 1 1
Example : 1 .... is a series.
2 3 4 5
(3) Progression : A progression is a sequence whose terms follow a certain pattern i.e. the terms are arranged under a
definite rule.
Example : 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, …….. is a progression whose terms are obtained by the rule : Tn 2n 1 , where Tn denotes the nth
term of the progression.
Progression is mainly of three types : Arithmetic progression, Geometric progression and Harmonic progression.
However, here we have classified the study of progression into five parts as :
Arithmetic progression
Geometric progression
Arithmetico-geometric progression
Harmonic progression
Miscellaneous progressions
Arithmetic progression(A.P)
3.2 Definition.
A sequence of numbers t n is said to be in arithmetic progression (A.P.) when the difference t n t n 1 is a constant for all
n N. This constant is called the common difference of the A.P., and is usually denoted by the letter d.
If ‘a’ is the first term and ‘d’ the common difference, then an A.P. can be represented as a, a d , a 2 d , a 3 d ,........
Example : 2, 7, 12, 17, 22, …… is an A.P. whose first term is 2 and common difference 5.
Algorithm to determine whether a sequence is an A.P. or not.
Step I: Obtain an (the nth term of the sequence).
Step II: Replace n by n – 1 in an to get a n 1 .
Step III: Calculate a n a n 1 .
If a n a n 1 is independent of n, the given sequence is an A.P. otherwise it is not an A.P. An arithmetic progression is a
linear function with domain as the set of natural numbers N.
t n An B represents the nth term of an A.P. with common difference A.
3.3 General Term of an A.P..
(1) Let ‘a’ be the first term and ‘d’ be the common difference of an A.P. Then its nth term is a (n 1)d .
Tn a (n 1)d
Progressions 2
Progressions
(2) pth term of an A.P. from the end : Let ‘a’ be the first term and ‘d’ be the common difference of an A.P. having n
terms. Then pth term from the end is (n p 1) th term from the beginning.
p th term from the end T(n p 1) a (n p)d
Important Tips
General term (T ) is also denoted by l (last term).
n
Common difference can be zero, +ve or –ve.
n (number of terms) always belongs to set of natural numbers.
Tn Tk T p Tk
If T and T of any A.P. are given, then formula for obtaining T is
k p n
.
nk p k
If pT = qT of an A.P., then T = 0.
p q p+q
If p term of an A.P. is q and the q term is p, then T = 0 and T = p + q – n.
th th
p+q n
1 1
If the p term of an A.P. is
th
and the q term is , then its pq term is 1.
th th
q p
If T =pn + q, then it will form an A.P. of common difference p and first term p + q.
n
1
Example: 1 Let Tr be rth term of an A.P. whose first term is a and common difference is d. If for some positive integers m, n, m n, Tm and
n
1
Tn , then a – d equals [AIEEE 2004]
m
1 1 1
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) 0
m n mn
1 1
Solution: (d) Tm a (m 1) d …..(i)
n n
1 1
and Tn a (n 1) d …..(ii)
m m
1 1 (m n) 1
Subtract (ii) from (i), we get (m n) d (m n) d d , as m – n 0
n m mn mn
1 1 n 1 1
a
(n 1) d d . Therefore a – d = 0
m m mn mn
Example: 2 The 19 term from the end of the series 2 + 6 + 10 + …. + 86 is
th
(a) 6 (b) 18 (c) 14 (d) 10
Solution: (c) 86 2 (n 1) 4 n 22
19 term from end tn 19 1 t 22 19 1 t4 2 (4 1) 4 14
th
Example: 3 In a certain A.P., 5 times the 5 term is equal to 8 times the 8 term, then its 13 term is
th th th
[AMU 1991]
(a) 0 (b) – 1 (c) – 12 (d) – 13
Solution: (a) We have 5 T5 8 T8
Let a and d be the first term and common difference respectively
5 {a (5 1)d } 8 {a (8 1) d }
3 a 36 d 0 a 12 d 0 , i.e. a (13 1) d 0 . Hence 13 term = 0 th
Example: 4 If 7 and 13 term of an A.P. be 34 and 64 respectively, then its 18 term is
th th th
(a) 87 (b) 88 (c) 89 (d) 90
Solution: (c) Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of the given A.P., then
T7 34 a 6 d 34 …..(i)
T13 64 a 12 d 64 …..(ii)
From (i) and (ii), d = 5, a = 4
T18 a 17 d 4 17 5 89
Tn Tk Tp Tk T T7 T13 T7 T 34 64 34
Trick: 18 18 T18 89
nk p k 18 7 13 7 11 6
Progressions 3
Progressions
am an ap
Example: 5 If an is an arithmetic sequence, then m n p equals
1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) None of these
Solution: (c) Let a be the first term and d the common difference. Then ar a (r 1) d
a (m 1) d a (n 1)d a ( p 1) d a a a m 1 n 1 p 1
m n p m n p d m n p
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 m n p
a m n p d m n p a.0 d .0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
Example: 6 The n term of the series 3 + 10 + 17 + ….. and 63 + 65 + 67 + …… are equal, then the value of n is
th
[Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
(a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 15
Solution: (c) n term of 1 series 3 (n 1)7 7 n 4
th st
n term of 2 series 63 (n 1) 2n 61
th nd
we have, 7 n 4 2n 61 n = 13
3.4 Selection of Terms in an A.P..
When the sum is given, the following way is adopted in selecting certain number of terms :
Number of terms Terms to be taken
3 a – d, a, a + d
4 a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d
5 a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d
In general, we take a – rd, a – (r – 1)d, ……., a – d, a, a + d, ……, a + (r – 1)d, a + rd, in case we have to take (2r + 1) terms
(i.e. odd number of terms) in an A.P.
And, a (2r 1)d , a (2r 3)d , ......., a d , a d , ......., a (2r 1)d , in case we have to take 2r terms in an A.P.
When the sum is not given, then the following way is adopted in selection of terms.
Number of terms Terms to be taken
3 a, a d , a 2 d
4 a, a d , a 2d , a 3 d
5 a, a d , a 2d , a 3 d , a 4 d
Sum of n terms of an A.P. : The sum of n terms of the series a (a d ) (a 2d ) ....... {a (n 1) d } is
n
given by Sn [2a (n 1) d ]
2
n
Also, S n (a l) , where l = last term = a (n 1) d
2
Important Tips
The common difference of an A.P is given by d S 2 2S 1 where S 2 is the sum of first two terms and S 1 is the sum of first term or the first term.
, when d 0
The sum of infinite terms .
, when d 0
If sum of n terms S n is given then general term Tn S n S n 1 , where S n 1 is sum of (n – 1) terms of A.P.
Sum of n terms of an A.P. is of the form An 2 Bn i.e. a quadratic expression in n, in such case, common difference is twice the coefficient of n 2 i.e. 2A.
S f T f (2n 1)
If for the different A.P’s n n , then n
S n n Tn (2n 1)
Progressions 4
Progressions
n 1
A B
T An B S 2
If for two A.P.’s n then n
Tn Cn D S n n 1
C D
2
Some standard results
n
n (n 1)
Sum of first n natural numbers 1 2 3 ........ n r
r 1
2
n
Sum of first n odd natural numbers 1 3 5 ..... (2 n 1) (2r 1) n
r 1
2
n
Sum of first n even natural numbers 2 4 6 ...... 2 n 2r n (n 1)
r 1
If for an A.P. sum of p terms is q and sum of q terms is p, then sum of (p + q) terms is {–(p + q)}.
If for an A.P., sum of p terms is equal to sum of q terms, then sum of (p + q) terms is zero.
1 1 1
If the p term of an A.P. is
th
and q term is
th
, then sum of pq terms is given by S pq ( pq 1)
q p 2
Example: 7 7 term of an A.P. is 40, then the sum of first 13 terms is
th
[Karnataka CET 2003]
(a) 53 (b) 520 (c) 1040 (d) 2080
13
Solution: (b) S 13 {2 a 12 d } 13 {a 6 d } 13 T7 13 40 520
2
Example: 8 The first term of an A.P. is 2 and common difference is 4. The sum of its 40 terms will be [MNR 1978; MP PET 2002]
(a) 3200 (b) 1600 (c) 200 (d) 2800
n 40
Solution: (a) S [2 a (n 1) d ] [2 2 (40 1)4 ] 3200
2 2
Example: 9 The sum of the first and third term of an A.P. is 12 and the product of first and second term is 24, the first term is
[MP PET 2003]
(a) 1 (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) 6
Solution: (c) Let a d , a, a d , ........ be an A.P.
24
(a d ) (a d ) 12 a 6 . Also, (a d ) a 24 6 d 4 d 2
6
First term a d 6 2 4
S 3 r S r 1
Example: 10 If S r denotes the sum of the first r terms of an A.P., then is equal to
S 2 r S 2 r 1
(a) 2r – 1 (b) 2r + 1 (c) 4r + 1 (d) 2r + 3
3r (r 1) d
{2 a (3 r 1)d } {2 a (r 1 1) d } (2r 1)a {3 r(3 r 1) (r 1)(r 2)}
S 3r S r 1 2 2 2
Solution: (b)
S 2 r S 2 r 1 T2 r a (2 r 1) d
d
(2 r 1)a {8 r 2 2}
2 (2r 1)a d (4 r 2 1)
2r 1
a (2r 1)d a (2r 1)d
Example: 11 If the sum of the first 2n terms of 2, 5, 8…. is equal to the sum of the first n terms of 57, 59, 61…., then n is equal to
[IIT Screening 2001]
(a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 11 (d) 13
2n n
Solution: (c) We have, {2 2 (2n 1)3} {2 57 (n 1)2} 6 n 1 n 56 n 11
2 2
Example: 12 If the sum of the 10 terms of an A.P. is 4 times to the sum of its 5 terms, then the ratio of first term and common difference is[Rajasthan PET 1986]
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 3 : 2
Solution: (a) Let a be the first term and d the common difference
10 5 a 1
Then, {{a (10 1)d } 4 {2 a (5 1)d } 2 a 9 d 4 a 8 d d 2 a ,a:d=1:2
2 2 d 2
Example: 13 150 workers were engaged to finish a piece of work in a certain number of days. 4 workers dropped the second day, 4 more workers
dropped the third day and so on. It takes eight more days to finish the work now. The number of days in which the work was completed is[Kurukshe
Progressions 5
Progressions
(a) 15 (b) 20 (c) 25 (d) 30
1
Solution: (c) Let the work was to be finished in x days. Work of 1 worker in a day
150 x
Now the work will be finished in (x + 8) days. Work done = Sum of the fraction of work done
1 1 1
1 150 (150 4 ) (150 8 ) ....... to (x + 8) terms
150 x 150 x 150 x
x 8 150 4
1 2 ( x 8 1) 150 x ( x 8 ){150 2( x 7 )} (x 8 )( x 7 ) 600 0
2 150 x 150 x
(x 8 )( x 7 ) 25 24 , x 8 25
Hence work completed in 25 days.
x y z
Example: 14 If the sum of first p terms, first q terms and first r terms of an A.P. be x, y and z respectively, then (q r) (r p ) ( p q ) is
p q r
8 xyz
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) pqr (d)
pqr
p x d
Solution: (a) We have a, the first term and d, the common difference, x {2 a ( p 1) d } a ( p 1)
2 p 2
y d z d
Similarly, a (q 1) and a (r 1)
q 2 r 2
x y z d d d
(q r) (r p ) ( p q ) a ( p 1) (q r) a (q 1) (r p ) a (r 1) ( p q )
p q r 2 2 2
d
a{(q r) (r p ) ( p q )} {( p 1)(q r) (q 1)(r p ) (r 1)( p q )}
2
d d
a.. 0 [{ pq pr rq pq pr qr {(q r) (r p ) ( p q)} 0 {0 0} 0
2 2
Example: 15 The sum of all odd numbers of two digits is [Roorkee 1993]
(a) 2475 (b) 2530 (c) 4905 (d) 5049
Solution: (a) Required sum, S 11 13 15 ....... 99
Let the number of odd terms be n, then 99 11 (n 1)2 n 45
45 n
S
2
(11 99 ) 45 55 2475 S 2 (a l)
Example: 16 If sum of n terms of an A.P. is 3 n 2 5 n and Tm 164 , then m = [Rajasthan PET 1991, 95; DCE 1999]
(a) 26 (b) 27 (c) 28 (d) None of these
Solution: (b) Tm S m S m 1 164 (3m 2 5m ) {3(m 1)2 5(m 1)} 164 3(2m 1) 5 m 27
1 1 1
Example: 17 The sum of n terms of the series ....... is [UPSEAT 2002]
1 3 3 5 5 7
1
(a) 2n 1 (b) 2n 1 (c) 2n 1 (d)
2
1
( 2 n 1 1)
2
1 1 1 1
Solution: (d) Sn ......
1 3 3 5 5 7 2n 1 2n 1
3 1 5 3 7 5 2n 1 2n 1
.....
( 3 1)( 3 1) 2 2 2
1 1
[ 3 1 5 3 7 5 ..... ( 2n 1 2n 1 )] [ 2 n 1 1]
2 2
1 1 1
Example: 18 If a 1 , a 2 ,......, a n 1 are in A.P., then ..... is [AMU 2002]
a1 a 2 a 2 a 3 a n a n 1
n 1 1 n 1 n
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a 1 a n 1 a 1 a n 1 a 1 a n 1 a 1 a n 1
Progressions 6
Progressions
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 a a a a a a
Solution: (d) S .... 1 2
2 3
...... n n 1
a1a2 a2 a3 an an 1 (a2 a1 ) (a3 a2 ) (an 1 an )
As a1 , a2 , a3 ,......., an , an 1 are in A.P., i.e. a2 a1 a3 a2 ......... an 1 an d (say)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 an 1 a1 [a (n 1 1) d ] a1
S ......
1
d a
1 a a
2 2 a 3 a
n a
n 1 d a
1 an 1 d . a1 . an 1 d . a1 . an 1
nd n
S
d a1 an 1 a1 an 1
3.5 Arithmetic Mean.
(1) Definitions
(i) If three quantities are in A.P. then the middle quantity is called Arithmetic mean (A.M.) between the other two.
If a, A, b are in A.P., then A is called A.M. between a and b.
(ii) If a, A1 , A 2 , A 3 ,....., An , b are in A.P., then A1 , A 2 , A 3 , ......, A n are called n A.M.’s between a and b.
(2) Insertion of arithmetic means
ab
(i) Single A.M. between a and b : If a and b are two real numbers then single A.M. between a and b
2
(ii) n A.M.’s between a and b : If A1 , A 2 , A 3 , ......., A n are n A.M.’s between a and b, then
ba ba ba ba
A1 a d a , A 2 a 2d a 2 , A 3 a 3d a 3 , ……., A n a nd a n
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
Important Tips
Sum of n A.M.’s between a and b is equal to n times the single A.M. between a and b.
ab
i.e. A1 A2 A3 .......... An n
2
1 1
If A1 and A2 are two A.M.’s between two numbers a and b, then A1 (2 a b), A 2 (a 2b ) .
3 3
Sum of m A.M.' s m
Between two numbers, .
Sum of n A.M.' s n
th
n 1
If number of terms in any series is odd, then only one middle term exists which is term.
2
th th
n n
If number of terms in any series is even then there are two middle terms, which are given by and 1 term.
2 2
Example: 19 After inserting n A.M.’s between 2 and 38, the sum of the resulting progression is 200. The value of n is [MP PET 2001]
(a) 10 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) None of these
Solution: (b) There will be (n + 2) terms in the resulting A.P. 2, A1 , A 2 ,......, An , 38
n2
Sum of the progression (2 38 ) 200 (n 2) 20 n 8
2
Example: 20 3 A.M.’s between 3 and 19 are
(a) 7, 11, 15 (b) 4, 6, 10 (c) 6, 10, 14 (d) None of
these
Solution: (a) Let A1 , A2 , A3 be three A.M.’s. Then 3, A1 , A 2 , A3 , 19 are in A.P.
19 3
common difference d 4 .Therefore A1 3 d 7 , A2 3 2d 11 , A3 3 3 d 15
3 1
Example: 21 If a, b, c, d, e, f are A.M.’s between 2 and 12, then a b c d e f is equal to
(a) 14 (b) 42 (c) 84 (d) None of these
Solution: (b) Since, a, b, c, d, e, f are six A.M.’s between 2 and 12
6 6
Therefore, a b c d e f (a f ) (2 12 ) 42
2 2
Progressions 7
Progressions
3.6 Properties of A.P..
(1) If a1 , a 2 , a 3 ..... are in A.P. whose common difference is d, then for fixed non-zero number K R.
(i) a1 K, a 2 K, a 3 K,..... will be in A.P., whose common difference will be d.
(ii) Ka1 , Ka 2 , Ka 3 ........ will be in A.P. with common difference = Kd.
a1 a 2 a 3
(iii) , , ...... will be in A.P. with common difference = d/K.
K K K
(2) The sum of terms of an A.P. equidistant from the beginning and the end is constant and is equal to sum of first and
last term. i.e. a1 an a 2 a n1 a 3 a n 2 ....
(3) Any term (except the first term) of an A.P. is equal to half of the sum of terms equidistant from the term i.e.
1
a n (an k a n k ) , k < n.
2
(4) If number of terms of any A.P. is odd, then sum of the terms is equal to product of middle term and number of
terms.
(5) If number of terms of any A.P. is even then A.M. of middle two terms is A.M. of first and last term.
(6) If the number of terms of an A.P. is odd then its middle term is A.M. of first and last term.
(7) If a1 , a 2 , ...... a n and b1 , b 2 , ...... b n are the two A.P.’s. Then a1 b1 , a 2 b 2 , ...... an b n are also A.P.’s with
common difference d 1 d 2 , where d 1 and d 2 are the common difference of the given A.P.’s.
(8) Three numbers a, b, c are in A.P. iff 2b a c .
(9) If Tn , Tn1 and Tn 2 are three consecutive terms of an A.P., then 2 Tn 1 Tn Tn 2 .
(10) If the terms of an A.P. are chosen at regular intervals, then they form an A.P.
Example: 22 If a1 , a2 , a3 , ....., a24 are in arithmetic progression and a1 a5 a10 a15 a20 a24 225 , then a1 a 2 a3 ..... a23 a24 [MP PET 1
(a) 909 (b) 75 (c) 750 (d) 900
Solution: (d) a1 a5 a10 a15 a20 a24 225 (a1 a24 ) (a5 a20 ) (a10 a15 ) 225 3(a1 a24 ) 225 a1 a24 75
(∵ In an A.P. the sum of the terms equidistant from the beginning and the end is same and is equal to the sum of first and last term)
24
a1 a 2 ..... a24 (a1 a24 ) 12 75 900
2
1 1 1
Example: 23 If a, b, c are in A.P., then , , will be in [DCE 2002; MP PET 1985; Roorkee 1975]
bc ca ab
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
1 1 1
Solution: (a) a, b, c are in A.P., , , will be in A.P. [Dividing each term by abc]
bc ca ab
Example: 24 If log 2, log( 2n 1) and log( 2n 3) are in A.P., then n = [MP PET 1998; Karnataka CET 2000]
3
(a) 5/2 (b) log 2 5 (c) log 3 5 (d)
2
Solution: (b) As, log 2, log( 2n 1) and log( 2n 3) are in A.P. Therefore
2 log(2 n 1) log 2 log(2 n 3) (2 n 5)(2 n 1) 0
n n n
As 2 cannot be negative, hence 2 5 0 2 5 or n log 2 5
Geometric progression(G.P.)
3.7 Definition.
A progression is called a G.P. if the ratio of its each term to its previous term is always constant. This constant ratio is
called its common ratio and it is generally denoted by r.
12 36 108
Example: The sequence 4, 12, 36, 108, ….. is a G.P., because ..... 3 , which is constant.
4 12 36
Clearly, this sequence is a G.P. with first term 4 and common ratio 3.
Progressions 8
Progressions
1 1 3 9 1 1 1 3
The sequence , , , , .... is a G.P. with first term and common ratio
3 2 4 8 3 2 3 2
3.8 General Term of a G.P..
(1) We know that, a, ar, ar 2 , ar 3 , ..... ar n 1 is a sequence of G.P.
Here, the first term is ‘a’ and the common ratio is ‘r’.
The general term or nth term of a G.P. is Tn ar n 1
It should be noted that,
T 2 T3
r ......
T1 T2
(2) pth term from the end of a finite G.P. : If G.P. consists of ‘n’ terms, pth term from the end (n p 1) th
term from the beginning ar n p .
n 1
1
Also, the pth term from the end of a G.P. with last term l and common ratio r is l
r
Important Tips
b c
If a, b, c are in G.P. or b 2 ac
a b
If T and T of any G.P. are given, then formula for obtaining T is
k p n
1 1
Tn n k Tp p k
T
k Tk
If a, b, c are in G.P. then
b c ab b c ab a ab a
or or
a b ab b c b c b bc b
Let the first term of a G.P be positive, then if r > 1, then it is an increasing G.P., but if r is positive and less than 1, i.e. 0< r < 1, then it is a decreasing G.P.
Let the first term of a G.P. be negative, then if r > 1, then it is a decreasing G.P., but if 0< r < 1, then it is an increasing G.P.
a b c 1
If a, b, c, d,… are in G.P., then they are also in continued proportion i.e. ....
b c d r
Example: 25 The numbers ( 2 1), 1, ( 2 1) will be in [AMU 1983]
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
2
Solution: (b) Clearly (1) ( 2 1).( 2 1)
2 1, 1, 2 1 are in G.P.
Example: 26 If the p , q and r term of a G.P. are a, b, c respectively, then a q r b r p c p q is equal to
th th th
[Roorkee 1955, 63, 73; Pb. CET 1991, 95]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) abc (d) pqr
Solution: (b) Let x , xy , xy 2 , xy 3 ,.... be a G.P.
a xy p 1 , b xy q 1 , c xy r 1
Now, a q r . b r p . c p q ( xy p 1 )q r ( xy q 1 )r p ( xy r 1 )p q x (q r )(r p )( p q ). y ( p 1)(q r ) (q 1)(r p )(r 1)( p q )
x 0 . y p (q r ) q (r p ) r ( p q )(q r r p p q ) x 0 . y 0 0 (xy )0 1
Example: 27 If the third term of a G.P. is 4 then the product of its first 5 terms is [IIT 1982; Rajasthan PET 1991]
3 4 5
(a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d) None of these
2
Solution: (c) Given that ar 4
Then product of first 5 terms a(ar)(ar 2 )(ar 3 )(ar 4 ) a5 r10 [ar 2 ]5 4 5
Example: 28 If x , 2 x 2, 3 x 3 are in G.P., then the fourth term is [MNR 1980, 81]
(a) 27 (b) – 27 (c) 13.5 (d) – 13.5
Solution: (d) Given that x , 2 x 2, 3 x 3 are in G.P.
Therefore, (2 x 2)2 x (3 x 3) x 2 5 x 4 0 (x 4 )(x 1) 0 x 1, 4
Progressions 9
Progressions
Now first term a = x, second term ar 2(x 1)
3
2( x 1) 2(x 1) 8
r , then 4 term ar 3 x
th
x 2 ( x 1)
3
x x
Putting x 4 , we get
8 27
T4 (3)3 13 .5
16 2
3.9 Sum of First ‘n’ Terms of a G.P..
If a be the first term, r the common ratio, then sum S n of first n terms of a G.P. is given by
a(1 r n )
Sn , |r|< 1
1r
a(r n 1)
Sn , |r|> 1
r 1
S n na , r=1
3.10 Selection of Terms in a G.P..
(1) When the product is given, the following way is adopted in selecting certain number of terms :
Number of terms Terms to be taken
3 a
, a, ar
r
4 a a
3
, , ar, ar 3
r r
5 a a
, , a, ar, ar 2
r2 r
(2) When the product is not given, then the following way is adopted in selection of terms
Number of terms Terms to be taken
3 a, ar, ar 2
4 a, ar, ar 2 , ar 3
5 a, ar, ar 2 , ar 3 , ar 4
100 100
Example: 29 Let an be the n term of the G.P. of positive numbers. Let
th
n 1
a 2 n and a
n 1
2 n 1 , such that , then the common ratio is[IIT 1992]
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Solution: (a) Let x be the first term and y, the common ratio of the G.P.
100 100
Then, a n 1
2n a2 a4 a6 .... a200 and a
n 1
2 n 1 a1 a3 a5 ...... a199
1 (y 2 )100 1 y 200
xy xy 3 xy 5 ..... xy 199 xy 2
xy 2
1y 1y
1 (y 2 )100 1 y 200
x xy 2 xy 4 ..... xy 198 x x
1 y2
1 y2
y . Thus, common ratio
Progressions 10
Progressions
Example: 30 The sum of first two terms of a G.P. is 1 and every term of this series is twice of its previous term, then the first term will be
[Rajasthan PET 1988]
1 1 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 3 3 4
an
Solution: (b) We have, common ratio r = 2; 2
a
n 1
1 1 1
Let a be the first term, then a ar 1 a(1 r) 1 a
1r 12 3
3.11 Sum of Infinite Terms of a G.P..
(1) When |r|< 1, (or 1 r 1)
a
S
1r
(2) If r 1, then S doesn’t exist
Example: 31 The first term of an infinite geometric progression is x and its sum is 5. Then [IIT Screening 2004]
(a) 0 x 10 (b) 0 x 10 (c) 10 x 0 (d) x 10
x x
Solution: (b) According to the given conditions, 5 , r being the common ratio r 1
1 r 5
x x x x
Now, |r|< 1 i.e. 1 r 1 1 1 1 2 0 2 0 i.e. 0 2 , 0 x 10
5 5 5 5
n r
1
Example: 32 lim
n n e
r 1
n is [AIEEE 2004]
(a) e + 1 (b) e – 1 (c) 1 – e (d) e
Solution: (b)
n n
1 1 1 1/n 1
lim
n ne
r 1
r/n
lim
n n e
r 1
r/n
lim
n n
(e e 2 / n e 3 / n ..... e n / n ) lim [e 1 / n (e 1 / n )2 (e 1 / n )3 ..... (e 1 / n )n ]
n n
1
(e 1)
1 1 / n 1 (e 1 / n )n 1 1/n 1 e (1 e )(e 1 / n 1 1) (e 1)
lim e lim e lim lim lim 1 / n n
n n 1 e1 / n n n 1 e 1 / n n n (1 e 1 / n ) n n n e 1
1
Put h, we get h 0
n
h 0
0 (e 1) lim 0 form
h0 eh 1
1
(e 1) lim (e 1). 1 e 1 .
h0 eh
Example: 33 The value of .2 3 4 .234 is [MNR 1986; UPSEAT 2000]
232 232 0 .232 232
(a) (b) (c) (d)
990 9990 990 9909
2 34 34 34 2 34 1 1
Solution: (a) .2 3 4 .234343434 .... ...... 1 .......
10 1000 100000 10 7 10 1000 100 (100 )2
1 17 1 1 17 100 1 1 17 116 232
5 500 1 1 5 500 99 5 99 495 990
100
Example: 34 If a, b, c are in A.P. and |a|, |b|, |c| < 1, and
x 1 a a 2 ....
y 1 b b 2 ....
z 1 c c 2 .....
Progressions 11
Progressions
Then x, y, z shall be in [Karnataka CET 1995]
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
1
Solution: (c) x 1 a a 2 ....
1a
1
y 1 b b 2 ....
1b
1
z 1 c c 2 .....
1c
Now, a, b, c are in A.P.
1 1 1
1 – a, 1 – b, 1 – c are in A.P. , , are in H.P. Therefore x, y, z are in H.P.
1a 1b 1c
3.12 Geometric Mean.
(1) Definition : (i) If three quantities are in G.P., then the middle quantity is called geometric mean (G.M.) between
the other two. If a, G, b are in G.P., then G is called G.M. between a and b.
(ii) If a, G1 , G 2 , G 3 ,.... G n , b are in G.P. then G1 , G 2 , G 3 ,.... G n are called n G.M.’s between a and b.
(2) Insertion of geometric means : (i) Single G.M. between a and b : If a and b are two real numbers then single
G.M. between a and b ab
(ii) n G.M.’s between a and b : If G1 , G 2 , G 3 , ......, G n are n G.M.’s between a and b, then
1 2 3 n
b n 1 b n 1 b n1 b n 1
G1 ar a , G 2 ar 2 a , G 3 ar 3 a , ……………….., G n ar n a
a a a a
Important Tips
Product of n G.M.’s between a and b is equal to nth power of single geometric mean between a and b.
i.e. G1 G2 G3 ...... Gn ( ab )n
G.M. of a1 a2 a3 ...... an is (a1 a2 a3 ..... an )1 / n
If G1 and G2 are two G.M.’s between two numbers a and b is G1 (a 2b )1 / 3 , G2 (ab 2 )1 / 3 .
1
The product of n geometric means between a and is 1.
a
1
b n 1
If n G.M.’s inserted between a and b then r
a
3.13 Properties of G.P..
(1) If all the terms of a G.P. be multiplied or divided by the same non-zero constant, then it remains a G.P., with the
same common ratio.
(2) The reciprocal of the terms of a given G.P. form a G.P. with common ratio as reciprocal of the common ratio of the
original G.P.
(3) If each term of a G.P. with common ratio r be raised to the same power k, the resulting sequence also forms a G.P.
with common ratio r k .
(4) In a finite G.P., the product of terms equidistant from the beginning and the end is always the same and is equal to
the product of the first and last term.
i.e., if a1 , a 2 , a 3 , ...... a n be in G.P. Then a1 a n a 2 a n 1 a 3 an 2 a n a n 3 .......... a r . an r 1
(5) If the terms of a given G.P. are chosen at regular intervals, then the new sequence so formed also forms a G.P.
(6) If a1 , a 2 , a 3 , ....., an ...... is a G.P. of non-zero, non-negative terms, then log a1 , log a 2 , log a 3 , ..... log an , ...... is
an A.P. and vice-versa.
(7) Three non-zero numbers a, b, c are in G.P. iff b 2 ac .
(8) Every term (except first term) of a G.P. is the square root of terms equidistant from it.
i.e. Tr Tr p Tr p ; [r > p]
Progressions 12
Progressions
(9) If first term of a G.P. of n terms is a and last term is l, then the product of all terms of the G.P. is (al)n / 2 .
(10) If there be n quantities in G.P. whose common ratio is r and S m denotes the sum of the first m terms, then the
r
sum of their product taken two by two is S n S n 1 .
r 1
Example: 35 The two geometric mean between the number 1 and 64 are [Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
(a) 1 and 64 (b) 4 and 16 (c) 2 and 16 (d) 8 and 16
Solution: (b) Let G1 and G2 are two G.M.’s between the number a 1 and b 64
1 1 1 1
G1 (a 2b ) 3 (1 . 64 ) 3 4 , G2 (ab 2 ) 3 (1 .64 2 ) 3 16
Example: 36 The G.M. of the numbers 3, 3 2 , 3 3...... 3 n is [DCE 2002]
2 n 1 n n 1
(a) 3n (b) 3 2 (c) 3 2 (d) 3 2
1 2 3 .... n n(n 1) n 1
Solution: (b) G.M. of (3 . 3 2. 3 3...... 3 n ) (3 . 3 2. 3 3...... 3 n )1 / n (3 ) n 3 2n 3 2
Example: 37 If a, b, c are in A.P. b – a, c – b and a are in G.P., then a : b : c is
(a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) [Link] (c) 2 : 3 : 4 (d) [Link]
Solution: (a) Given, a, b, c are in A.P. 2b = a + c
b – a, c – b, a are in G.P. So (c b )2 a (b a)
2b a c
(b a)2 (b a) a b b a c
b a c b
b 2a [∵ b a]
Put in 2b = a + c, we get c = 3a. Therefore a : b : c = 1 : 2 : 3
Harmonic progression(H.P.)
3.14 Definition.
A progression is called a harmonic progression (H.P.) if the reciprocals of its terms are in A.P.
1 1 1
Standard form : ....
a a d a 2d
1 1 1 1
Example: The sequence 1, , , , ,... is a H.P., because the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ….. is an A.P.
3 5 7 9
3.15 General Term of an H.P..
1 1 1
If the H.P. be as , , , .... then corresponding A.P. is a, a d , a 2 d , .....
a a d a 2d
Tn of A.P. is a (n 1) d
1
Tn of H.P. is
a (n 1) d
In order to solve the question on H.P., we should form the corresponding A.P.
1 1
Thus, General term : Tn or Tn of H.P.
a (n 1) d Tn of A.P.
3 1
Example: 38 The 4 term of a H.P. is
th
and 8 term is
th
then its 6 term is th
[MP PET 2003]
5 3
1 3 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 7 7 5
1 1 1
Solution: (b) Let , , , ....... be an H.P.
a a d a 2d
Progressions 13
Progressions
1 3 1
4 term
th
a 3d 5 a 3d
5
a 3d …..(i)
3
Similarly, 3 a 7 d …..(ii)
1 2
From (i) and (ii), d , a
3 3
1 1 3
6 term
th
a 5d 2 5 7
3 3
Example: 39 If the roots of a(b c) x 2 b(c a) x c (a b ) 0 be equal, then a, b, c are in [Rajasthan PET 1997]
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
Solution: (c) As the roots are equal, discriminate = 0
{b(c a)}2 4 a(b c) c(a b ) 0
b 2 c 2 a 2b 2 2 ab 2 c 4 a 2 bc 4 a 2 c 2 4 ab 2 c 4 abc 2 0
(b 2 c 2 2ab 2 c a 2 b 2 ) 4 ac{ab bc ac} (ab bc )2 4 ac (ab bc ac)
{b(a c)}2 4 abc(a c) 4 a 2 c 2
b 2 (a c)2 2b(a c) 2ac (2ac)2 0 [b(a c) 2ac]2 0
2 ac
b
ac
Thus, a, b, c are in H.P.
2 12
Example: 40 If the first two terms of an H.P. be and then the largest positive term of the progression is the
5 23
(a) 6th term (b) 7th term (c) 5th term (d) 8th term
5 23 30 23
Solution: (c) For the corresponding A.P., the first two terms are and i.e. and
2 12 12 12
7
Common difference
12
30 23 16 9 2 5
The A.P. will be , , , , , , ......
12 12 12 12 12 12
2
The smallest positive term is , which is the 5 term. The largest positive term of the H.P. will be the 5 term.
th th
12
3.16 Harmonic Mean.
(1) Definition : If three or more numbers are in H.P., then the numbers lying between the first and last are called
harmonic means (H.M.’s) between them. For example 1, 1/3, 1/5, 1/7, 1/9 are in H.P. So 1/3, 1/5 and 1/7 are three H.M.’s between 1
and 1/9.
Also, if a, H, b are in H.P., then H is called harmonic mean between a and b.
(2) Insertion of harmonic means :
2ab
(i) Single H.M. between a and b
ab
1 1 1
.....
1 a a2 an
(ii) H, H.M. of n non-zero numbers a1 , a 2 , a 3 , ...., a n is given by 1 .
H n
(iii) Let a, b be two given numbers. If n numbers H 1 , H 2 , ...... H n are inserted between a and b such that the sequence
a, H 1 , H 2 , H 3 ...... H n , b is an H.P., then H 1 , H 2 , ...... H n are called n harmonic means between a and b.
1 1 1 1 1
Now, a, H 1 , H 2 , ...... H n , b are in H.P.
, , , ...... , are in A.P.
a H1 H 2 Hn b
Let D be the common difference of this A.P. Then,
Progressions 14
Progressions
1
(n 2)th term Tn 2
b
1 1 ab
(n 1) D D
b a (n 1) ab
Thus, if n harmonic means are inserted between two given numbers a and b, then the common difference of the
ab
corresponding A.P. is given by D
(n 1) ab
1 1 1 1 1 1 ab
Also, D, 2 D ,……., nD where D
H1 a H2 a Hn a (n 1) ab
Important Tips
2 ac
If a, b, c are in H.P. then b .
ac
3 ab 3 ab
If H1 and H 2 are two H.M.’s between a and b, then H1 and H 2
a 2b 2a b
3.17 Properties of H.P..
(1) No term of H.P. can be zero.
ab a
(2) If a, b, c are in H.P., then .
b c c
(3) If H is the H.M. between a and b, then
1 1 1 1 H a H b
(i) (ii) (H 2a)(H 2b) H 2 (iii) 2
H a H b a b H a H b
Example: 41 The harmonic mean of the roots of the equation (5 2 )x 2 (4 3 ) x 8 2 3 0 is [IIT 1999]
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
Solution: (b) Let and be the roots of the given equation
4 3 82 3
a ,
5 2 5 2
8 2 3
2
2 5 2 2(8 2 3 ) 4 (4 3 )
Hence, required harmonic mean 4
4 3 4 3 4 3
5 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
Example: 42 If a, b, c are in H.P., then the value of is [MP PET 1998; Pb. CET 2000]
b c a c a b
2 1 3 2 3 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of
bc b 2 c 2
ca b 2
ab
these
1 1 1
Solution: (c) a, b, c are in H.P. , , are in A.P.
a b c
1 1 2
a c b
Progressions 15
Progressions
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 3 2
Now, 2
b c a c a b b a c a b b b b a b b b a b ab
Example: 43 If a, b, c are in H.P., then which one of the following is true [MNR 1985]
1 1 1 ac ba b c
(a) (b) b (c) 1 (d)
b a b c b ac b a b c
None of these
2 ac
Solution: (d) a, b, c are in H.P. b , option (b) is false
ac
2 ac a (c a) c (a c)
b a a b c
ac ca ac
1 1 a c 1 1 a c a c a c a c 2
2 , option (a) is false
b a b c a c a c a c ac ac 2 ac b
b a b c (c a)(b a) (b c)(a c) a c b a b c a c b b a c (a c) b
b a b c a (c a) c (a c) ac a c ac c a ac ac
ac ac 1
b 2b 2b 2
ac 2 ac b
option (c) is false.
Arithmetico-geometric progression(A.G.P.)
3.18 nth Term of A.G.P..
If a1 , a2 , a3 , ......, an , ...... is an A.P. and b1 , b2 , ......, bn , ...... is a G.P., then the sequence a1 b 1 , a 2 b 2 , a 3 b 3 ,
......, an b n , ..... is said to be an arithmetico-geometric sequence.
Thus, the general form of an arithmetico geometric sequence is a, (a d ) r, (a 2 d ) r 2 , (a 3 d ) r 3 , .....
From the symmetry we obtain that the nth term of this sequence is [a (n 1) d ] r n 1
Also, let a, (a d ) r, (a 2 d ) r 2 , (a 3 d ) r 3 , ..... be an arithmetico-geometric sequence. Then, a (a d ) r
(a 2d ) r 2 (a 3 d ) r 3 ... is an arithmetico-geometric series.
3.19 Sum of A.G.P..
(1) Sum of n terms : The sum of n terms of an arithmetico-geometric sequence a, (a d ) r, (a 2d ) r 2 ,
(a 3 d ) r 3 , ..... is given by
a (1 r n 1 ) {a (n 1) d }r n
dr , when r 1
1 r
Sn (1 r) 2 1r
n
2 [2a (n 1) d ], when r 1
(2) Sum of infinite sequence : Let |r|< 1. Then r n , r n 1 0 as n and it can also be shown that n . r n 0
a dr
as n . So, we obtain that S n , as n .
1 r (1 r) 2
Progressions 16
Progressions
a dr
In other words, when |r|< 1 the sum to infinity of an arithmetico-geometric series is S
1 r (1 r) 2
3.20 Method for Finding Sum.
This method is applicable for both sum of n terms and sum of infinite number of terms.
First suppose that sum of the series is S, then multiply it by common ratio of the G.P. and subtract. In this way, we shall
get a G.P., whose sum can be easily obtained.
3.21 Method of Difference.
If the differences of the successive terms of a series are in A.P. or G.P., we can find nth term of the series by the following
steps :
Step I: Denote the nth term by Tn and the sum of the series upto n terms by S n .
Step II: Rewrite the given series with each term shifted by one place to the right.
Step III: By subtracting the later series from the former, find Tn .
Step IV: From Tn , S n can be found by appropriate summation.
3 5 7
Example: 44 1 ...... is equal to [DCE 1999]
2 2 2 23
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12
3 5 7
S 1 2 3 .......
2 2 2
Solution: (b)
1 1 3 5
S .......
2 2 22 23
1 2 2 2
S 1 2 3 ........ (on subtractin g)
2 2 2 2
S 1 1 1 S 1/2
1 2 2 3 .... 1 2 3 . Hence S = 6
2 2 2 2 2 1 1 / 2
Example: 45 Sum of the series 1 2 . 2 3 . 2 2 4 . 2 3 ..... 100 .2 99 is [IIIT (Hydrabad) 2000; Kerala (Engg.) 2001]
100 100
(a) 100 . 2 1 (b) 99 . 2 1 (c) 99 . 2100 1 (d)
100
100 . 2 1
Solution: (b) Let S 1 2 .2 3 .2 2 4 .2 3 .... 100 .2 99 …..(i)
2 3 99 100
2S = 1 . 2 2 . 2 3 .2 ..... 99 .2 100 .2 …..(ii)
Equation (i) – Equation (ii) gives,
2(2 99 1)
S 1 (1 . 2 1 .2 2 1 .2 3 ..... upto 99 terms) 100 .2100 1 100 .2100
2 1
S 1 2100 2 100 .2100 1 99 . 2100
Example: 46 The sum of the series 3 + 33 + 333 + ….. + n terms is [Rajasthan PET 2000]
1 1 1
(a) (10 n 1 9 n 28 ) (b) (10 n 1 9 n 10 ) (c) (10 n 1 10 n 9 ) (d)
27 27 27
None of these
S 3 33 333 ...... to n terms
Solution: (b)
S 3 33 .......
0 3 30 300 ......... to n terms Tn (on subtractin g)
10 n 1 1
Tn 3(1 10 100 ....... to n terms) 3 1 (10 n 1)
10 1 3
Progressions 17
Progressions
n n n n
1 1 1 1
10 10 1 1 n
Sn
n 1
3
(10 n 1)
3
n 1
10 n
3 n 1
1
3
10 1 3
1
S (10 n 1 9 n 10 )
27
Example: 47 The sum of n terms of the following series 1 (1 x ) (1 x x 2 ) .... will be [IIT 1962]
1 xn x (1 x n ) n (1 x ) x (1 x n )
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1x 1 x (1 x )2
None of these
S 1 (1 x ) (1 x x 2 ) ......
Solution: (c)
S 1 (1 x ) .......
0 (1 x x 2 ..... to n terms) Tn (on subtractin g)
1 xn
Tn
1 x
n n n n
1 xn 1 1 1 1 1 xn
Sn
n 1
Tn
n 1
1 x
1x n 1
1
1x x n 1
n
1 x
n
1 x
x
1 x
n n
n x (1 x ) n (1 x ) x (1 x )
1x (1 x )2 (1 x )2
Example: 48 The sum to n terms of the series 1 3 7 15 31 ....... is [IIT 1963]
n 1 n 1 n
(a) 2 n (b) 2 n2 (c) 2 n2 (d) None of
these
S 1 3 7 15 31 ......
Solution: (b)
S 1 3 7 15 .......
0 (1 2 4 8 16 ..... to n terms) Tn (on subtractin g)
2n 1
Tn 1 2 4 8 .......... . to n terms 1 2n 1
2 1
n n n n
2n 1
Sn
n 1
Tn
n 1
(2 n 1) n 1
2n 1 2 2 1 n 2
n 1
n 1
n2
Miscellaneous series
3.22 Special Series.
There are some series in which nth term can be predicted easily just by looking at the series.
If Tn n 3 n 2 n
n n n n n n
Then S n Tn ( n 3 n 2 n ) n3 n2 n 1
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
2
n (n 1) n (n 1)(2n 1) n (n 1)
n
2 6 2
n
n (n 1)(2n 1)
Note : Sum of squares of first n natural numbers 1 2 2 2 3 2 ....... n 2 r 2
r 1 6
n 2
n (n 1)
Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 ....... n 3 r3
r 1 2
3.23 Vn Method.
1 1 1
(1) To find the sum of the series .....
a1 a 2 a 3 ..... a r a 2 a 3 ..... ar 1 a n an 1 ..... an r 1
Progressions 18
Progressions
Let d be the common difference of A.P. Then a n a1 (n 1) d .
Let S n and Tn denote the sum to n terms of the series and nth term respectively.
1 1 1
Sn .....
a1 a 2 ..... a r a 2 a 3 ..... a r 1 an a n 1 ..... a n r 1
1
Tn
a n an 1 ..... a n r 1
1 1
Let Vn ; Vn 1
a n 1 a n 2 ..... a n r 1 a n an 1 ..... a n r 2
1 1 a n an r 1
Vn Vn 1
a n 1 a n 2 ..... a n r 1 a n a n 1 ..... an r 2 an a n 1 ..... a n r 1
[a1 (n 1) d ] [a1 {(n r 1) 1}d ]
d (1 r) Tn
an a n 1 ..... a n r 1
n
1 1
Tn
d (r 1)
{Vn 1 Vn } , S n T
n 1
n
d (r 1)
(V0 Vn )
1 1 1
Sn
(r 1)(a 2 a1 ) a1 a 2 .... a r 1 a n 1 an 2 ...... a n r 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
Example: If a1 , a 2 , ..... a n are in A.P., then ...
a1 a 2 a 3 a 2 a 3 a 4 a n an 1 a n 2 2(a 2 a1 ) a1 a 2 a n 1 a n 2
(2) If S n a1 a 2 ..... a r a 2 a 3 ..... a r 1 .... a n an 1 ...a n r 1
Tn a n a n 1 ..... an r 1
Let Vn a n a n 1 .... a n r 1 an r , Vn 1 a n1 an 1 ...... an r 1
Vn Vn 1 an a n 1 an 2 ..... a n r 1 (a n r an 1 ) Tn {[a1 (n r 1) d ] [a1 (n 2) d ]} Tn (r 1) d
Vn Vn 1
Tn
(r 1) d
n n
1 1 1
Sn
n 1
Tn
(r 1)d
(V
n 1
n Vn 1 )
(r 1) d
(Vn V0 )
(r 1) d
{(a n a n 1 .... an r ) (a 0 a1 .... a r )}
1
{a n a n 1 .... an r a 0 a1 ..... a r }
(r 1)(a 2 a1 )
1
Example: 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 ...... n (n 1)(n 2)(n 3) {n (n 1)(n 2)(n 3) 0 . 1 .2 . 3}
5 .1
1
{n (n 1)(n 2)(n 3)}
5
Example: 49 The sum of 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 .... 15 3 is [MP PET 2003]
(a) 22000 (b) 10000 (c) 14400 (d) 15000
2 2
n (n 1) 15 16
Solution: (c) S 1 3 2 3 3 3 ...... 15 3 ; For n 15 , the value of 14400
2 2
n
Example: 50 A series whose n term is y , the sum of r terms will be
th
[UPSEAT 1999]
x
r (r 1) r (r 1) r (r 1)
(a) ry (b) (c) ry (d)
2x 2x 2x
r (r 1)
rx
2x
Progressions 19
Progressions
r r r r
n 1 1 r (r 1) r (r 1)
Solution: (a) Sr
n 1
tn
n 1
y
x x
n 1
ny 1 x
n 1
2
yr
2x
ry
1
Example: 51 If (1 t1 ) (2 t2 ) .... (n tn ) n (n 2 1) , then tn is
2 2 2
3
n
(a) (b) n 1 (c) n 1 (d) n
2
1
Solution: (d) n (n 2 1) (1 2 2 2 .... n 2 ) (t1 t2 ..... tn )
3
1 n (n 1)(2n 1) 1 n (n 1)
t1 t 2 ..... tn 1 2 2 2 3 2 ....... n 2 n (n 2 1) n (n 2 1) [2 n 1 (2n 2)]
3 6 3 6
n (n 1) n (n 1)
t1 t 2 t3 ..... tn Sn
2 2
n (n 1) (n 1) n
tn S n S n 1 n
2 2
1 1 1
Example: 52 The sum of the series .... is [MNR 1984; UPSEAT 2000]
3 7 7 11 11 15
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 6 9 12
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Solution: (d) S .... ....... 0
3 7 7 11 11 15 4 3 7 7 11 11 15 4 3 4 3 12
Example: 53 The sum of the series 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + ….. to n terms is [Kurukshetra CEE 1998]
(a) n (n 1)(n 2) (b) (n 1)(n 2)(n 3)
1 1
(c) n (n 1)(n 2)(n 3) (d) (n 1)(n 2)(n 3)
4 4
Solution: (c) Tn n (n 1)(n 2) n 3 3 n 2 2 n
n n n n
S 1 .2 .3 2 .3 .4 3 .4 .5 ...... to n terms
n 1
(n 3 3 n 2 2n) n 1
n3 3
n 1
n2 2 n
n 1
2
n (n 1) n (n 1)(2n 1) n (n 1) 1
S 3 2 n (n 1)[n (n 1) 2 (2n 1) 4 ]
2 6 2 4
1 1
n (n 1)[n 2 5 n 6] n (n 1)(n 2)(n 3)
4 4
3.24 Properties of Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic means between Two given Numbers.
ab
Let A, G and H be arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means of two numbers a and b. Then, A , G ab and
2
2 ab
H
ab
These three means possess the following properties :
(1) A G H
ab 2 ab
A , G ab and H
2 ab
ab ( a b )2
AG ab 0
2 2
AG …..(i)
2 ab a b 2 ab
G H ab ab ab ( a b ) 2 0
ab ab ab
Progressions 20
Progressions
GH …..(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get A G H
Note that the equality holds only when a = b
(2) A, G, H from a G.P., i.e. G 2 AH
a b 2ab
AH ab ( ab ) 2 G 2
2 ab
Hence, G 2 AH
(3) The equation having a and b as its roots is x 2 2 Ax G 2 0
The equation having a and b its roots is x 2 (a b )x ab 0
ab
x 2 2 Ax G 2 0 A 2 and G ab
The roots a, b are given by A A 2 G 2
(4) If A, G, H are arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means between three given numbers a, b and c, then the equation
3G 3
having a, b, c as its roots is x 3 3 Ax 2 x G3 0
H
1 1 1
ab c 1/ 3 1 a b c
A , G (abc ) and
3 H 3
3G 3
a b c 3 A, abc G 3 and ab bc ca
H
The equation having a, b, c as its roots is x 3 (a b c)x 2 (ab bc ca)x abc 0
3G 3
x 3 3 Ax 2 x G3 0
H
3.25 Relation between A.P., G.P. and H.P..
A when n 0
a n 1 b n 1
(1) If A, G, H be A.M., G.M., H.M. between a and b, then G when n 1 / 2
an b n H when n 1
(2) If A1 , A 2 be two A.M.’s; G1 , G 2 be two G.M.’s and H 1 , H 2 be two H.M.’s between two numbers a and b then
G1 G 2 A A2
1
H1 H 2 H1 H 2
(3) Recognization of A.P., G.P., H.P. : If a, b, c are three successive terms of a sequence.
ab a
Then if, , then a, b, c are in A.P.
b c a
ab a
If, , then a, b, c are in G.P.
b c b
ab a
If, , then a, b, c are in H.P.
b c c
(4) If number of terms of any A.P./G.P./H.P. is odd, then A.M./G.M./H.M. of first and last terms is middle term of series.
(5) If number of terms of any A.P./G.P./H.P. is even, then A.M./G.M./H.M. of middle two terms is A.M./G.M./H.M. of first
and last terms respectively.
(6) If pth, qth and rth terms of a G.P. are in G.P. Then p, q, r are in A.P.
Progressions 21
Progressions
(7) If a, b, c are in A.P. as well as in G.P. then a b c .
(8) If a, b, c are in A.P., then x a , x b , x c will be in G.P. (x 1)
Example: 54 If the A.M., G.M. and H.M. between two positive numbers a and b are equal, then [Rajasthan PET 2003]
(a) a = b (b) ab = 1 (c) a > b (d) a<b
Solution: (a) A.M. = G.M.
ab ( a )2 2 a b ( b )2 ( a b )2
ab 0 0 ab
2 2 2
G.M. = H.M.
2 ab
ab a b 2 ab 0 ( a b )2 0 a b ab
ab
Thus A.M. =(G.M.) (H.M.) So a b
Example: 55 Let two numbers have arithmetic mean 9 and geometric mean 4. Then these numbers are the roots of the quadratic equation [AIEEE 2004]
(a) x 2 18 x 16 0 (b) x 2 18 x 16 0 (c) x 2 18 x 16 0 (d)
2
x 18 x 16 0
Solution: (b) A = 9, G = 4 are respectively the A.M. and G.M. between two numbers, then the quadratic equation having its roots as the two numbers, is
given by x 2 2 Ax G 2 0 i.e. x 2 18 x 16 0
a b c
Example: 56 If , , are in H.P., then [UPSEAT 2002]
b c a
(a) a 2b , c 2 a, b 2 c are in A.P. (b) a 2b , b 2 c, c 2 a are in H.P.
(c) a 2b , b 2 c, c 2 a are in G.P. (d) None of these
a b c
Solution: (a) , , are in H.P.
b c a
b c a b c a
, , are in A.P. abc , abc , abc are in A.P. b 2 c, ac 2 , a 2 b are in A.P.
a b c a b c
a 2b , c 2 a, b 2 c are in A.P.
Example: 57 If a, b, c are in G.P., then log a x , log b x , log c x are in [Rajasthan PET 2002]
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
Solution: (c) a, b, c are in G.P.
1 1 1
log x a, log x b, log x c are in A.P. , , are in A.P.
log a x log b x log c x
log a x , log b x , log c x are in H.P.
G1 G2
Example: 58 If A1 , A 2 ; G1 , G2 and H1 , H 2 be two A.M.’s, G.M.’s and H.M.’s between two quantities, then the value of is
H1 H 2
[Roorkee 1983; AMU 2000]
A1 A2 A1 A2 A1 A2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
H1 H 2 H1 H 2 H1 H 2
A1 A2
H1 H 2
Solution: (a) Let a and b be the two numbers
b a 2a b b a a 2b
A1 a , A2 a 2
3 3 3 3
2
1/3 b 1 / 3
b
G1 a a 2/3
b 1/3
, G2 a a1 / 3 b 2 / 3
a a
1 3 3 ab 3 ab
H1 , H2
1 1 1 1 2 1 a 2b 2a b
a b a 3 a b
Progressions 22
Progressions
G1 G2 (a 2 / 3 b 1 / 3 )(a1 / 3 b 2 / 3 ) (a 2b )(2 a b )
H1 H 2 3 ab 3 ab 9 ab
a 2b 2 a b
2a b a 2b
A1 A 2 ab
3 3
3 ab 3 ab 2 a b a 2b 9 ab (a b )
H1 H 2 3 ab
a 2b 2 a b (a 2 b )(2 a b ) (a 2 b )(2 a b )
A1 A2 (a 2 b )(2 a b ) G1G2
H1 H 2 9 ab H1 H 2
Example: 59 If the ratio of H.M. and G.M. of two quantities is 12 : 13, then the ratio of the numbers is [Rajasthan PET 1990]
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 3 (c) 3 : 4 (d) None of these
Solution: (d) Let x and y be the numbers
2 xy
H.M. , G.M. xy
xy
H.M. 2 xy 2 x /y 12 2r x
, ( r ) 12 r 2 26 r 12 0 6 r 2 13 r 6 0
G.M. x y x 13 r 2 1 y
1
y
13 13 2 4 . 6 . 6 13 5 18 8 3 2
r , ,
26 12 12 12 2 3
x 9 4
Ratio of numbers r 2 : 1 : 1 or : 1 9 : 4 or 4 : 9
y 4 9
Example: 60 If the A.M. of two numbers is greater than G.M. of the numbers by 2 and the ratio of the numbers is 4 : 1, then the numbers are[Rajasthan PET 1988]
(a) 4, 1 (b) 12, 3 (c) 16, 4 (d) None of these
xy
Solution: (c) Let x and y be the numbers A.M. = G.M. + 2 xy 2
2
x
Also, 4 : 1 x 4y
y
4y y 5y
4 y. y 2 2 y 2 y 4 x 4 4 16
2 2
The numbers are 16, 4.
Example: 61 If the ratio of A.M. between two positive real numbers a and b to their H.M. is m : n, then a : b is
m n n n m n m m n
(a) (b) (c) (d)
m n n n m n m m n
None of these
2
a
1 2
m (a b ) / 2 m (a b )2 b m a a m a a
Solution: (c) We have, 4 1 2 1
n 2ab /(a b ) n 4 ab a n b b n b b
4
b
a 2 m
Let r2 , r (1 r 2 ) 2 m r n n r 2 n r2 2 m r n 0
b n
2 m 4m 4n m m n
r
2 n n
m m n ( m m n )( m m n ) m (m n) n
Considering +ve sign, r
n n( m m n) n( m m n) m m n
m m n n a m m n
r2 . Hence, .
n m m n b m m n
3.26 Applications of Progressions.
There are many applications of progressions is applied in science and engineering. Properties of progressions are applied
to solve problems of inequality and maximum or minimum values of some expression can be found by the relation among A.M.,
G.M. and H.M.
Progressions 23
Progressions
Example: 62 If x log 5 3 log 7 5 log 9 7 then
3 1 3
(a) x (b) x 3
(c) x 3
(d) None of
2 2 2
these
Solution: (c) x log 5 3 log 7 5 log 9 7
log 5 3 log 7 5 log 9 7
(log 5 3 . log 7 5 . log 9 7 )1 / 3 [A.M. G.M.]
3
1/3
x 1 3
(log 9 3 )1 / 3 x 3(log 9 9 1 / 2 )1 / 3 x 3 . Hence x 3
3 2 2
Example: 63 If a, b, c, d are four positive numbers then
a b c d a a c b d a
(a) 4 (b) 4
b c d e e b d c e e
a b c d e b c d e a 1
(c) 5 (d)
b c d e a a b c d e 5
a b
1/2
Solution: (a,b,c) We have b c a b ;(A.M. G.M.)
2 b c
a b a
2 …..(i)
b c c
c d c
Similarly, 2 …..(ii)
d e e
Multiplying (i) by (ii),
a b c d a c a b c d a
4 4 , (a) is true
b c d e c e b c d e e
1/2 1/2
a c b d a c b d a c b d a
Next, 2 2 4 , (b) is true
b d c e b d c e b d c e e
a b c d e
1/5
b c d e a a b c d e a b c d e
5 , (c) is true
5 b c d e a b c d e a
1/5
b c d e a b c d e a b c d e a
Now, 5 5 , (d) is false
a b c d e a b c d e a b c d e
Example: 64 Let an product of first n natural numbers. Then for all n N
n
n 1
(a) n n an (b) n! (c) n n an 1 (d) None of
2
these
Solution: (a,b) We have an 1 . 2 . 3 .......... ... n n ! , n n n.n.n........ to n times
n n n.(n 1)(n 2)....{n (n 1)} nn n.(n 1)(n 2)......... 2. 1 n n n ! n n an . So (a) is true
nn (n 1)! n n an 1 . So (c) is false
n
1 2 3 ..... n n(n 1) n 1 n 1
(1 . 2 . 3 ...... n)1 / n (n ! )1 / n (n ! )1 / n . n ! . So (b) is true.
n 2n 2 2
Example: 65 In the given square, a diagonal is drawn and parallel line segments joining points on the adjacent sides are drawn on both sides of the
1
diagonal. The length of the diagonal is n 2 cm. If the distance between consecutive line segments be cm then the sum of the
2
lengths of all possible line segments and the diagonal is
Progressions 24
Progressions
(a) n (n 1) 2 cm (b) n 2 cm (c) n (n 2) cm (d)
n 2 2 cm
Solution: (d) Let us consider the diagonal and an adjacent parallel line
Length of the line PQ = RS = AC – (AR + SC) = AC – 2AR ( AR = SC) Q
= AC – [Link] ( AR = PR)
C
1
=n 2 2 n 2 2 (n 1) 2 cm S
2 P 1/2 cm.
Length of line adjacent to PQ, other than AC, will be ((n 1) 1) 2 (n 2) 2 cm 45o
R
Sum of the lengths of all possible line segments and the diagonal A
2 [n 2 (n 1) 2 (n 2) 2 .....] n 2 , nN
n (n 1)
2 2 [n (n 1) (n 2) ...... 1] n 2 2 2 n 2 n 2 {n 1 1} n 2 2 cm
2
1 x n 1 2 3 n 1
Example: 66 Let f (x ) and g(x ) 1 2 .... (1)n n . Then the constant term in f (x ) g(x ) is equal to
1x x x x
n (n 2 1) n (n 1) n n (n 1)
(a) when n is even (b) when n is odd (c) (n 1) when n is even (d) when n is odd
6 2 2 2
1 x n 1 (1 x )(1 x x 2 ..... x n )
Solution: (b,c) f (x ) 1 x x 2 ....... x n ; f (x ) 1 2 x 3 x 2 ...... n x n 1
1 x (1 x )
2 3 n 1
f ( x ).g(x ) (1 2 x 3 x 2 .... n x n 1 ) 1 2 ...... (1)n
x x xn
constant term in f (x ) g(x ) is
c 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 ....... n 2 (1)n 1 [1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 ...... n 2 ] 2 [2 2 4 2 6 2 ....]
when n is odd,
n(n 1)(2n 1) 2
n 1
c [1 2 2 2 ..... n 2 ] 2 [2 2 4 2 6 2 ...... (n 1)2 ] 2 . 2 2 [1 2 2 2 3 2 ......
6 2
n 1 n 1 n 1
1 2 1
n (n 1)(2 n 1) 2 2 2 n (n 1)(2n 1) n (n 1)(n 1)
8
6 6 6 3
n (n 1) n (n 1) n (n 1)
(2n 1 2(n 1)) 3
6 6 2
2
n (n 1)(2n 1) n
when n is even, c [1 2 2 2 ..... n 2 ] 2 [2 2 4 2 ..... n 2 ] 2 .2 2 1 2 2 2 ....
6 2
n n n
1 2 1
n (n 1)(2 n 1) 2 2 2 n (n 1)(2n 1) 1 n (n 1)(n 2)
8
6 6 6 3
1 1
n (n 1)(2 n 1 2(n 2)) n (n 1)
6 2
***
Progressions 25
Progressions
General term of an Arithmetic progression
Basic Level
5 6
1. The sequence , , 7 ........ is
7 7
(a) H.P. (b) G.P. (c) A.P. (d) None of these
1 2 3
2. p th term of the series 3 3 3 ..... will be
n n n
p p n n
(a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 3 (d) 3
n n p p
3. If the 9 term of an A.P. be zero, then the ratio of its 29 and 19 term is
th th th
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 3 (d) 3 : 1
4. Which of the following sequence is an arithmetic sequence
1
(a) f (n) an b ; n N (b) f (n) kr n ; n N (c) f (n) (an b ) kr n ; n N (d) f (n) ;n N
b
a n
n
5. If the p th term of an A.P. be q and q th term be p, then its r term will be th
[Rajasthan PET 1999]
(a) p q r (b) p q r (c) p rq (d) p q r
6. If the 9 term of an A.P. is 35 and 19 is 75, then its 20 term will be
th th th
[Rajasthan PET 1989]
(a) 78 (b) 79 (c) 80 (d) 81
7. If (a 1), 3 a, (4 a 2) are in A.P. then 7 term of the series is th
(a) 10 a 4 (b) – 33 (c) 33 (d) 10 a – 4
8. It x , y, z are in A.P., then its common difference is
(a) x 2 yz (b) y 2 xz (c) z 2 xy (d) None of these
9. The 10 term of the sequence
th
3, 12 , 27 , ......is
(a) 243 (b) 300 (c) 363 (d) 432
10. Which term of the sequence (– 8 + 18i), (– 6+15i), (– 4 + 12i), ........is purely imaginary
(a) 5 th
(b) 7 th
(c) 8 th
(d) 6 th
11. If (m +2) term of an A.P. is (m+2) –m , then its common difference is
th 2 2
(a) 4 (b) – 4 (c) 2 (d) – 2
12. For an A.P., T2 T5 T3 10 , T2 T9 17 , then common difference is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) – 1 (d) 13
Advance Level
13. If tan n tan m , then the different values of will be in [Karnataka CET 1998]
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
14. If the p th , q th and r th term of an arithmetic sequence are a, b and c respectively, then the value of [a (q – r)+b(r – p)+ c (p – q)]=
[MP PET 1985]
1
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) 0 (d)
2
15. If n terms of two A.P.'s are 3n + 8 and 7n +15, then the ratio of their 12 terms will be
th th
[MP PET 1986]
Progressions 26
Progressions
4 7 3 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 16 7 15
16. The 6 term of an A.P. is equal to 2, the value of the common difference of the A.P. which makes the product a1a4 a5 least is given by
th
8 5 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
5 4 3
17. If p times the p th term of an A.P. is equal to q times the q th term of an A.P., then ( p q)th term is
[MP PET 1997; Karnataka CET 2002]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
1 2
18. The numbers t(t 2 1) , t and 6 are three consecutive terms of an A.P. If t be real, then the next two terms of A.P. are
2
(a) –2, –10 (b) 14, 6 (c) 14, 22 (d) None of these
3 1 1
19. If the p term of the series 25, 22
th
, 20 , 18 ,...... is numerically the smallest, then p=
5 2 4
(a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14
20. The second term of an A.P. is (x – y) and the 5 term is (x + y), then its first term is
th
[AMU 1989]
1 2 4 5
(a) x y (b) x y (c) x y (d) x y
3 3 3 3
21. The number of common terms to the two sequences 17, 21, 25, ......417 and 16, 21, 26, ..... 466 is
(a) 21 (b) 19 (c) 20 (d) 91
22. In an A.P. first term is 1. If T1 T3 T2 T3 is minimum, then common difference is
(a) –5/4 (b) –4/5 (c) 5/4 (d) 4/5
23. Let the sets A={2, 4, 6, 8,......} and B= {3, 6, 9, 12, .....}, and n(A) = 200, n(B) = 250. Then
(a) n(A B) = 67 (b) n(A B) = 450 (c) n(A B) = 66 (d) n(A B) = 384
Sum to n terms of an Arithmetic progression
Basic Level
24. The sum of first n natural numbers is [MP PET 1984; Rajasthan PET 1995]
n(n 1) n(n 1)
(a) n(n – 1) (b) (c) n(n + 1) (d)
2 2
1 1 1
25. The sum of the series ...... to 9 terms is [MNR 1985]
2 3 6
5 1 3
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
6 2 2
26. The sum of all natural numbers between 1 and 100 which are multiples of 3 is [MP PET 1984]
(a) 1680 (b) 1683 (c) 1681 (d) 1682
27. The sum of 1+3+5+7+..... upto n terms is [MP PET 1984]
2 2 2 2
(a) (n 1) (b) (2n) (c) n (d) (n 1)
28. If the sum of the series 2+ 5+ 8+11 ....... is 60100, then the number of terms are [MNR 1991; DCE 2001]
(a) 100 (b) 200 (c) 150 (d) 250
29. If the first term of an A.P. be 10, last term is 50 and the sum of all the terms is 300, then the number of terms are [Rajasthan PET 1987]
(a) 5 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 15
30. The sum of the numbers between 100 and 1000 which is divisible by 9 will be [MP PET 1982]
(a) 55350 (b) 57228 (c) 97015 (d) 62140
31. If the sum of three numbers of a arithmetic sequence is 15 and the sum of their squares is 83, then the numbers are [MP PET 1985]
(a) 4, 5, 6 (b) 3, 5, 7 (c) 1, 5, 9 (d) 2, 5, 8
32. If the sum of three consecutive terms of an A.P. is 51 and the product of last and first term is 273, then the numbers are
[MP PET 1986]
(a) 21, 17, 13 (b) 20, 16, 12 (c) 22, 18, 14 (d) 24, 20, 16
33. There are 15 terms in an arithmetic progression. Its first term is 5 and their sum is 390. The middle term is [MP PET 1994]
(a) 23 (b) 26 (c) 29 (d) 32
Progressions 27
Progressions
1
34. If S n nP n (n 1)Q, where S n denotes the sum of the first n terms of an A.P. then the common difference is
2
[JEE West Bengal 1994]
(a) P + Q (b) 2P + 3Q (c) 2Q (d) Q
35. The sum of numbers from 250 to 1000 which are divisible by 3 is [Rajasthan PET 1997]
(a) 135657 (b) 136557 (c) 161575 (d) 156375
36. Four numbers are in arithmetic progression. The sum of first and last term is 8 and the product of both middle terms is 15. The least number of the
series is [MP PET 2001]
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
37. The number of terms of the A.P. 3, 7, 11, 15 ...... to be taken so that the sum is 406 is [Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 14
38. The consecutive odd integers whose sum is 45 – 21 are 2 2
(a) 43, 45, ....., 75 (b) 43, 45,...... 79 (c) 43, 45, ......, 85 (d) 43, 45, ....., 89
39. If common difference of m A.P.'s are respectively 1, 2,...... m and first term of each series is 1, then sum of their m terms is
th
1 1 1
(a) m (m 1) (b) m (m 2 1) (c) m (m 2 1) (d) None of these
2 2 2
40. The sum of all those numbers of three digits which leave remainder 5 after division by 7 is
(a) 551 × 129 (b) 550 × 130 (c) 552 × 128 (d) None of these
41. If S n n 2 p and S m m 2 p, m n, in A.P., then S p is
(a) p 2
(b) p 3
(c) p 4
(d) None of these
42. An A.P. consists of n (odd terms) and its middle term is m. Then the sum of the A.P. is
1
(a) 2 mn (b) mn (c) mn (d) mn 2
2
43. The minimum number of terms of 1 3 5 7 ..... that add up to a number exceeding 1357 is
(a) 15 (b) 37 (c) 35 (d) 17
Advance Level
44. If the ratio of the sum of n terms of two A.P.'s be (7n+1) : (4n+27), then the ratio of their 11 terms will be
th
[AMU 1996]
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 4 (c) 4 : 3 (d) 5 : 6
45. The interior angles of a polygon are in A.P. If the smallest angle be 120° and the common difference be 5, then the number of sides is
[IIT 1980]
(a) 8 (b) 10 (c) 9 (d) 6
46. The sum of integers from 1 to 100 that are divisible by 2 or 5 is [IIT 1984]
(a) 3000 (b) 3050 (c) 4050 (d) None of these
47. If the sum of first n terms of an A.P. be equal to the sum of its first m terms, (m n), then the sum of its first (m + n) terms will be
[MP PET 1984]
(a) 0 (b) n (c) m (d) m + n
48. If a , a ,......., a are in A.P. with common difference d, then the sum of the following series is
1 2 n
sin d (coses a1 . cosec a 2 cosec a 2 .cosec a 3 ....... cosec an 1 cosec an ) [Rajasthan PET 2000]
(a) sec a1 sec an (b) cot a1 cot an (c) tan a1 tan an (d) cosec a1 cosec an
49. The odd numbers are divided as follows
1 3
5 7 9 11
13 15 17 19 21 23
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
Then the . of. nth. row. is
. sum .
1
(a) 2n 2 [2n 2n 1 1] (b) (2n 1) (c) 2n (d) 4n 3
2
50. If the sum of n terms of an A.P. is 2 n 2 5 n, then the n th term will be [Rajasthan PET 1992]
Progressions 28
Progressions
(a) 4n 3 (b) 4n 5 (c) 4n 6 (d) 4n 7
51. The nth term of an A.P. is 3 n 1 . Choose from the following the sum of its first five terms [MP PET 1983]
(a) 14 (b) 35 (c) 80 (d) 40
52. If the sum of two extreme numbers of an A.P. with four terms is 8 and product of remaining two middle term is 15, then greatest number of the series
will be [Roorkee 1965]
(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 9 (d) 11
53. The ratio of sum of m and n terms of an A.P. is m 2 : n 2 , then the ratio of m and n term will be
th th
[Roorkee 1963; MP PET 1995]
m 1 n 1 2m 1 2n 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
n 1 m 1 2n 1 2m 1
a1
54. The value of x satisfying log a x log a
x log 3 a x ..... log n a x will be
2
(a) xa (b) x aa (c) x a 1 / a (d) x a1 / a
55. Sum of first n terms in the following series cot 1 3 cot 1 7 cot 1 13 cot 1 21 ..... is given by
n n2
(a) tan 1 (b) cot 1 (c) tan 1 (n 1) tan 1 1 (d) All of these
n2 n
S 3n
56. Let S n denotes the sum of n terms of an A.P. If S 2 n 3 S n , then ratio [MNR 1993; UPSEAT 2001]
Sn
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 10
57. If the sum of the first n terms of a series be 5 n 2 2n, then its second term is [MP PET 1996]
(a) 7 (b) 17 (c) 24 (d) 42
58. All the terms of an A.P. are natural numbers. The sum of its first nine terms lies between 200 and 220. If the second term is 12, then the common
difference is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) None of these
59. If S 1 a2 a4 a6 .....up to 100 terms and S 2 a1 a3 a5 ...... up to 100 terms of a certain A.P. then its common difference d is
S1 S 2
(a) S1 S 2 (b) S 2 S1 (c) (d) None of these
2
60. In the arithmetic progression whose common difference is non-zero, the sum of first 3n terms is equal to the sum of the next n terms. Then the ratio of
the sum of the first 2n terms to the next 2n terms is
1 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
5 3 4
61. If the sum of n terms of an A.P. is nA n 2 B, where A, B are constants, then its common difference will be [MNR 1977]
(a) A – B (b) A + B (c) 2A (d) 2B
Arithmetic mean
Basic Level
13
62. A number is the reciprocal of the other. If the arithmetic mean of the two numbers be , then the numbers are
12
1 4 3 4 2 5 3 2
(a) , (b) , (c) , (d) ,
4 1 4 3 5 2 2 3
63. The arithmetic mean of first n natural number [Rajasthan PET 1986]
n 1 n 1 n
(a) (b) (c) (d) n
2 2 2
64. The four arithmetic means between 3 and 23 are [MP PET 1985]
(a) 5, 9, 11, 13 (b) 7, 11, 15, 19 (c) 5, 11, 15, 22 (d) 7, 15, 19, 21
65. The mean of the series a, a + nd, a + 2nd is [DCE 2002]
(a) a (n 1)d (b) a nd (c) a (n 1)d (d) None of these
66. If n A.M. s are introduced between 3 and 17 such that the ratio of the last mean to the first mean is 3 : 1, then the value of n is
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) None of these
Progressions 29
Progressions
Advance Level
67. The sum of n arithmetic means between a and b, is [Rajasthan PET 1986]
n(a b ) (n 1) (a b)
(a) (b) n (a b ) (c) (d) (n 1) (a b )
2 2
68. Given that n A.M.'s are inserted between two sets of numbers a, 2b and 2a, b, where a, b R. Suppose further that m th mean between these sets of
numbers is same, then the ratio a : b equals
(a) n – m + 1 : m (b) n – m + 1 : n (c) n : n – m + 1 (d) m : n – m + 1
69. Given two number a and b. Let A denote the single A.M. and S denote the sum of n A.M.'s between a and b, then S/A depends on
[Pb. CET 1992]
(a) n, a, b (b) n, b (c) n, a (d) n
70. The A.M. of series a (a d ) (a 2 d ) ..... (a 2 nd ) is [Pb. CET 1998]
(a) a (n 1)d (b) a nd (c) a (n 1)d (d) None of these
71. If 11 AM's are inserted between 28 and 10, then three mid terms of the series are [MNR 1997]
41 35 41 43 61 62
(a) , 19 , (b) 20 , , (c) 20 , , (d) 20 , 22 , 24
2 2 2 2 2 3
72. If f (x y, x y ) xy , then the arithmetic mean of f ( x , y ) and f (y , x ) is [AMU 2002]
(a) x (b) y (c) 0 (d) 1
8 8
73. If A.M. of the roots of a quadratic equation is and the A.M. of their reciprocals is , then the quadratic equation is
5 7
(a) 7 x 2 16 x 5 0 (b) 7 x 2 16 x 5 0 (c) 5 x 2 16 x 7 0 (d) 5x2 8x 7 0
74. If a =0 and a , a , a ,.....a are real numbers such that | ai | |a +1| for all i, then A.M. of the numbers a , a , ......a has the value x where
1 1 2 3 n i–1 1 2 n
1 1 1
(a) x<1 (b) x (c) x (d) x
2 2 2
75. If A.M. of the numbers 5 1 x and 5 1 x is 13 then the set of possible real values of x is
1
(a) {5 , } (b) 1, 1 (c) { x | x 2 1 | 0, x R } (d) None of these
5
Properties of A.P.
Basic Level
76. If 2x, x+ 8, 3x + 1 are in A.P., then the value of x will be [MP PET 1984]
(a) 3 (b) 7 (c) 5 (d) – 2
7
77. If log 2, log (2 –5) and log 2 x are in A.P., then x is equal to
3 3
x
3
[IIT 1990]
2
1 1 3
(a) 1, (b) 1, (c) 1, (d) None of these
2 3 2
78. If am denotes the m th term of an A.P., then am
am k am k am k am k 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
2 2 am k am k
79. If 1, log x, log y, – 15 log z are in A.P., then
y z x
(a) 3
z x (b) x y 1 (c) z 3 y (d) x y 1 z 3
(e) All of these
1 1 1
80. If , , are in A.P., then [Rajasthan PET 1995]
pq r p qr
Progressions 30
Progressions
1 1 1
(a) p, q, r are in A.P. (b) p 2 , q 2 , r 2 are in A.P. (c) , , are in A.P. (d) None of these
p q r
81. If a, b, c, are in A.P., then b 2 ac is equal to [Roorkee 1975]
1 1 1 1
(a) (a c)2 (b) (a c)2 (c) (a c)2 (d) (a c)2
4 4 2 2
82. If a1 , a2 , a3 ,..... are in A.P. then a p , aq , ar are in A.P. if p, q, r are in
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
Advance Level
83. If the sum of the roots of the equation ax 2 bx c =0 be equal to the sum of the reciprocals of their squares, then bc 2 , ca 2 , ab 2 will be in [IIT 1976]
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
1 1 1
84. If , , be consecutive terms of an A.P., then (b – c) , (c – a) , (a – b) will be in
2 2 2
b c c a ab
(a) G.P. (b) A.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
2 2 2 1 1
85. If a , b , c are in A.P., then (b+ c) , (c a) –1
and (a b) will be in [Roorkee 1968; Rajasthan PET 1996]
(a) H.P. (b) G.P. (c) A.P. (d) None of these
86. If the sides of a right angled triangle are in A.P., then the sides are proportional to [Roorkee 1974]
(a) 1, 2, 3 (b) 2, 3, 4 (c) 3, 4, 5 (d) 4, 5, 6
87. If a, b, c are in A.P., then the straight line ax + by + c = 0 will always pass through the point [IIT 1984]
(a) (1, 2 ) (b) (1, 2) (c) (1, 2) (d) (1, 2)
(a c)2
88. If a, b, c are in A.P. then [Roorkee 1975]
(b 2 ac)
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
89. If a, b, c, d, e, f are in A.P., then the value of e – c will be [Pb. CET 1989, 91]
(a) 2 (c – a) (b) 2 (f – d) (c) 2 (d – c) (d) d – c
90. If p, q, r are in A.P. and are positive, the roots of the quadratic equation px + qx + r = 0 are all real for
2
[IIT 1995]
r p
(a) 7 4 3 (b) 7 4 3 (c) All p and r (d) No p and r
p r
1 1 1
91. If a1 , a2 , a3 , ....... an are in A.P., where ai 0 for all i, then the value of ........ [IIT 1982]
a1 a2 a2 a3 an 1 an
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a1 an a1 an a1 an a1 an
92. Given a d b c where a, b, c, d are real numbers, then [Kurukshetra CEE 1998]
1 1 1 1
(a) a, b, c, d are in A.P. (b) , , , are in A.P.
a b c d
1 1 1 1
(c) (a b ), (b c), (c d ), (a d ) are in A.P. (d) , , , are in A.P.
ab b c c d ad
93. If a, b, c are in A.P., then (a + 2b – c) (2b+ c – a) (c + a – b) equals [Pb. CET 1999]
1
(a) abc (b) abc (c) 2 abc (d) 4 abc
2
94. If the roots of the equation x 3 12 x 2 39 x 28 0 are in A.P., then their common difference will be
[UPSEAT 1994, 99, 2001; Rajasthan PET 2001]
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
1 x x
95. If 1, log 9 (3 2), log 3 (4 . 3 1) are in A.P., then x equals [AIEEE 2002]
(a) log 3 4 (b) 1 log 3 4 (c) 1 log 4 3 (d) log 4 3
96. If a, b, c, d, e are in A.P. then the value of a+b+4c – 4d + e in terms of a, if possible is [Rajasthan PET 2002]
Progressions 31
Progressions
(a) 4a (b) 2a (c) 3 (d) None of these
a2 n 1 a1 a2 n a2 a a
97. If a1 , a2 , a3 , ....... a2 n 1 are in A.P. then ......... n 2 n is equal to
a 2n 1 a1 a 2 n a2 an 2 an
n(n 1) a 2 a1 n(n 1)
(a) . (b) (c) (n 1) (a 2 a 1 ) (d) None of these
2 a n 1 2
98. If the non-zero numbers x, y, z are in A.P. and tan 1 x , tan 1 y , tan 1 z are also in A.P., then
(a) x yz (b) xy yz (c) x 2 yz (d) z 2 xy
99. If three positive real numbers a, b, c are in A.P. such that abc =4, then the minimum value of b is
(a) 21 / 3 (b) 22/3 (c) 21 / 2 (d) 23 /2
100. If sin , sin 2 , 1, sin 4 and sin 5 are in A.P., where , then lies in the interval
(a) ( / 2, / 2) (b) ( / 3, / 3) (c) ( / 6, / 6 ) (d) None of these
101. If the sides of a triangle are in A.P. and the greatest angle of the triangle is double the smallest angle, the ratio of the sides of the triangle is
(a) 3 : 4 : 5 (b) 4 : 5 : 6 (c) 5 : 6 : 7 (d) 7 : 8 : 9
c
102. If a, b, c of a ABC are in A.P., then cot [T.S. Rajendra 1990]
2
A B A B
(a) 3 tan (b) 3 tan (c) 3 cot (d) 3 cot
2 2 2 2
103. If a, b, c are in A.P. then the equation (a b )x 2 (c a)x (b c) 0 has two roots which are
(a) Rational and equal (b) Rational and distinct (c) Irrational conjugates (d) Complex conjugates
a
104. The least value of 'a' for which 5 1 x 5 1 x , , 25 x 25 x are three consecutive terms of an A.P. is
2
(a) 10 (b) 5 (c) 12 (d) None of these
x x x
2
105. , , , are in A.P. and
0
f ( x )dx 4 , where f (x ) x
x
x
x
x 1 , then the common difference d is
x
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) – 2
106. If the sides of a right angled triangle form an A.P. then the sines of the acute angles are
3 4 1 5 1 5 1 3 1
(a) , (b) 3, (c) , (d) ,
5 5 3 2 2 2 2
107. If x, y, z are positive numbers in A.P., then
(a) y 2 xz (b) y 2 xz
xy yz x y yz
(c) has the minimum value 2 (d) 4
2y x 2 y z 2y x 2y z
General term of Geometric progression
Basic Level
108. If the 4 th, 7 th and 10 th terms of a G.P. be a, b, c respectively, then the relation between a, b, c is
[MNR 1995; Karnataka CET 1999]
ac
(a) b (b) a 2 bc (c) b 2 ac (d) c 2 ab
2
109. 7 term of the sequence
th
2 , 10 , 5 2 , ....... is
(a) 125 10 (b) 25 2 (c) 125 (d) 125 2
1 16
110. If the 5 term of a G.P. is
th
and 9 term is
th
, then the 4 term will be
th
[MP PET 1982]
3 243
3 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 3 5
111. If the 10 term of a geometric progression is 9 and 4 term is 4, then its 7 term is
th th th
[MP PET 1996]
Progressions 32
Progressions
4 9
(a) 6 (b) 36 (c) (d)
9 4
112. The third term of a G.P. is the square of first term. If the second term is 8, then the 6 term is th
[MP PET 1997]
(a) 120 (b) 124 (c) 128 (d) 132
113. The 6 term of a G.P. is 32 and its 8 term is 128, then the common ratio of the G.P. is
th th
[Pb. CET 1999]
(a) – 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) – 4
114. The first and last terms of a G.P. are a and l respectively, r being its common ratio; then the number of term in this G.P. is
log l log a log l log a log a log l log l log a
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) 1
log r log r log r log r
3 i
115. If first term and common ratio of a G.P. are both . The absolute value of n term will be
th
2
(a) 2 n
(b) 4 n
(c) 1 (d) 4
116. In any G.P. the last term is 512 and common ratio is 2, then its 5 term from last term is
th
(a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 32 (d) 64
117. Given the geometric progression 3, 6, 12, 24, ...... the term 12288 would occur as the [SCRA 1999]
(a) 11 termth
(b) 12 term th
(c) 13 term th
(d) 14 term
th
118. Let {tn } be a sequence of integers in GP in which t4 : t6 1 : 4 and t2 t5 216 . Then t1 is
(a) 12 (b) 14 (c) 16 (d) None of these
Advance Level
119. , are the roots of the equation x 2 3 x a 0 and , are the roots of the equation x 2 12 x b 0 . If , , , form an increasing
G.P., then (a, b ) = [DCE 2000]
(a) (3, 12) (b) (12, 3) (c) (2, 32) (d) (4, 16)
120. If ( p q)th term a G.P. be m and (p – q) term be n, then the p term will be
th th
[Rajasthan PET 1997; MP PET 1985, 99]
(a) m / n (b) mn (c) mn (d) 0
121. If the third term of a G.P. is 4 then the product of its first 5 terms is [IIT 1982; Rajasthan PET 1991]
3 4 5
(a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d) None of these
122. If the first term of a G.P. a1 , a2 , a3 ,......... is unity such that 4 a2 5 a3 is least, then the common ratio of G.P. is
2 3 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
5 5 5
123. Fifth term of a G.P. is 2, then the product of its 9 terms is [Pb. CET 1990, 94; AIEEE 2002]
(a) 256 (b) 512 (c) 1024 (d) None of these
5 5 5 5
124. If the nth term of geometric progression 5 , , , ,..... is , then the value of n is [Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
2 4 8 1024
(a) 11 (b) 10 (c) 9 (d) 4
Sum to n terms of Geometric progression
Basic Level
125. The sum of 100 terms of the series .9+ .09 + .009...... will be
100 106 106 100
1 1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 1
10 10 10 10
126. If the sum of three terms of G.P. is 19 and product is 216, then the common ratio of the series is [Roorkee 1972]
3 3
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 3
2 2
127. If the sum of first 6 terms is 9 times to the sum of first 3 terms of the same G.P., then the common ratio of the series will be
Progressions 33
Progressions
[Rajasthan PET 1985]
1
(a) – 2 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d)
2
128. If the sum of n terms of a G.P. is 255 and n term is 128 and common ratio is 2, then first term will be
th
[Rajasthan PET 1990]
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) None of these
129. The sum of 3 numbers in geometric progression is 38 and their product is 1728. The middle number is [MP PET 1994]
(a) 12 (b) 8 (c) 18 (d) 6
130. The sum of few terms of any ratio series is 728, if common ratio is 3 and last term is 486, then first term of series will be
[UPSEAT 1999]
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4
3 n 1
131. The sum of n terms of a G.P. is 3 , then the common ratio is equal to
4 2n
3 3 39
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
16 256 256
132. The value of n for which the equation 1 r r 2 ..... r n (1 r) (1 r 2 )(1 r 4 ) (1 r 8 ) holds is
(a) 13 (b) 12 (c) 15 (d) 16
13
133. The value of the sum (i
n 1
n
in 1 ), where i 1 , equals [IIT 1998]
(a) i (b) i – 1 (c) – i (d) 0
20
an 1 1
134. For a sequence a1 , a 2 ......... an given a1 2 and
an
= . Then
3 a
r 1
r is
20 1
(a) [4 19 3 ] (b) 3 1 20 (c) 2(1 – 3 ) –20
(d) None of these
2 3
135. The sum of (x 2)n 1 (x 2)n 2 (x 1) ( x 2)n 3 ( x 1)2 .....( x 1)n 1 is equal to [IIT 1990]
(a) ( x 2)n 2 ( x 1)n (b) ( x 2)n 1 (x 1)n 1
(c) (x 2)n ( x 1)n (d) None of these
Advance Level
1 3 7 15
136. The sum of the first n terms of the series ........ is
2 4 8 16
[IIT 1988; MP PET 1996; Rajasthan PET 1996, 2000; Pb. CET 1994; DCE 1995, 96]
n n
(a) 2 n 1 (b) 1 2 (c) n 2 n 1 (d) 2 n 1
137. If the product of three consecutive terms of G.P. is 216 and the sum of product of pair – wise is 156, then the numbers will be
[MNR 1978]
(a) 1, 3, 9 (b) 2, 6, 18 (c) 3, 9, 27 (d) 2, 4, 8
n
138. If f (x ) is a function satisfying f (x y ) f ( x ) f (y ) for all x , y N such that f (1) 3 and f (x ) 120 . Then the value of n is
x 1
[IIT 1992]
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) None of these
139. The first term of a G.P. is 7, the last term is 448 and sum of all terms is 889, then the common ratio is [MP PET 2003]
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
140. The sum of a G.P. with common ratio 3 is 364, and last term is 243, then the number of terms is [MP PET 2003]
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 10
141. A G.P. consists of 2n terms. If the sum of the terms occupying the odd places is S 1 , and that of the terms in the even places is S 2 , then S 2 / S 1 is
(a) Independent of a (b) Independent of r (c) Independent of a and r (d) Dependent on r
Progressions 34
Progressions
2 8 26 80
142. Sum of the series ..... to n terms is [Karnataka CET 2001]
3 9 27 81
1 n 1 n 1 1 n
(a) n (3 1) (b) n (3 1) (c) n (1 3 n ) (d) n (3 1)
2 2 2 2
143. If the sum of the n terms of G.P. is S product is P and sum of their inverse is R, then P 2 is equal to [IIT 1966; Roorkee 1981]
n n
R S R S
(a) (b) (c) (d)
S R S R
144. The minimum value of n such that 1 3 3 2 ..... 3 n 1000 is
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) None of these
145. If every term of a G.P. with positive terms is the sum of its two previous terms, then the common ratio of the series is
[Rajasthan PET 1986]
2 5 1 5 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
5 2 2
49
146. If (1 .05 )50 11 . 658 , then (1.05 )
n 1
n
equals [Roorkee 1991]
(a) 208.34 (b) 212.12 (c) 212.16 (d) 213.16
a1a 2 a a a a a a
147. If a1 , a2 , a3 ..... an are in G.P. with first term 'a' and common ratio 'r' then 2 3 3 4 ....... 2 n 1 n 2 is equal to
a12 a22 a22 a32 a32 an2 an 1 an
nr (n 1)r nr (n 1)r
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 r2 1 r2 1r 1r
148. The sum of the squares of three distinct real numbers which are in G.P. is S 2 . If their sum is S , then
1 1
(a) 1 2 3 (b) 2 1 (c) 1 3 (d) 1
3 3
Sum to infinite terms
Basic Level
2 4 8
149. If the sum of the series 1 3 .... is a finite number, then [UPSEAT 2002]
x x2 x
1
(a) x2 (b) x 2 (c) x (d) None of these
2
150. If y x x 2 x 3 x 4 ..... , then value of x will be [MNR 1975; Rajasthan PET 1988; MP PET 2002]
1 y 1 y
(a) y (b) (c) y (d)
y 1y y 1y
151. If the sum of an infinite G.P. be 9 and the sum of first two terms be 5, then the common ratio is
1 3 3 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 4 3
. . .
152. 2. 3 5 7 = [IIT 1983; Rajasthan PET 1995]
2355 2370 2355
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
1001 997 999
153. The first term of a G.P. whose second term is 2 and sum to infinity is 8, will be [MNR 1979; Rajasthan PET 1992, 95]
(a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 1
154. The sum of infinite terms of a G.P. is x and on squaring the each term of it, the sum will be y, then the common ratio of this series is
[Rajasthan PET 1988]
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y x y x y x y
(a) (b) (c) (d)
x2 y2 x2 y2 x2 y x2 y
45
155. If 3 3 3 2 ........ , then the value of will be [Pb. CET 1989]
8
Progressions 35
Progressions
15 7 7 15
(a) (b) (c) (d)
23 15 8 7
156. The sum can be found of a infinite G.P. whose common ratio is r [AMU 1982]
(a) For all values of r (b) For only positive value of r (c) Only for 0 < r < 1 (d) Only for – 1 < r < 1(r 0)
4 3
157. The sum of infinity of a geometric progression is and the first term is . The common ratio is [MP PET 1994]
3 4
7 9 1 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 16 9 9
158. The value of 4 1 / 3. 4 1 / 9. 4 1 / 27 ..... is [Rajasthan PET 2003]
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 9
159. 0.14189189189…. can be expressed as a rational number [AMU 2000]
7 7 525 21
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3700 50 111 148
160. The sum of the series 5.05 1.212 0.29088 ... is [AMU 2000]
(a) 6.93378 (b) 6.87342 (c) 6.74384 (d) 6.64474
161. Sum of infinite number of terms in G.P. is 20 and sum of their square is 100. The common ratio of G.P. is [AIEEE 2002]
(a) 5 (b) 3/5 (c) 8/5 (d) 1/5
162. If in an infinite G.P. first term is equal to the twice of the sum of the remaining terms, then its common ratio is [Rajasthan PET 2002]
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1/3 (d) – 1/3
2 1 1
1
163. The sum of infinite terms of the geometric progression , ..... is
, [Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
2 1 2 2 2
(a) 2 ( 2 1) 2 (b) ( 2 1) 2 (c) 5 2 (d) 3 2 5
164. If x > 0, then the sum of the series e x e 2 x e 3 x ...... is [AMU 1989]
1 1 1 1
(a) x
(b) x
(c) (d)
1e e 1 1 e x 1 ex
165. The sum of the series 0 .4 0 . 004 0 .00004 ....... is [AMU 1989]
11 41 40 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 100 99 5
166. A ball is dropped from a height of 120 m rebounds (4/5) of the height from which it has fallen. If it continues to fall and rebound in this way. How far
th
will it travel before coming to rest ?
(a) 240 m (b) 140 m (c) 1080 m (d)
2 3 4
C C C
167. The series C ..... has a finite sum if C is greater than
1 C (1 C)2 (1 C )3
(a) – 1/2 (b) – 1 (c) – 2/3 (d) None of these
Advance Level
168. If A 1 r z r 2 z r 3 z ....., then the value of r will be
1/z 1/z
A 1 1
(a) A(1 A)z (b) (c) 1 (d) A(1 A)1 / z
A A
1 1 1 1 1 1
169. The sum to infinity of the following series 2 ....., will be [AMU 1984]
2 3 2 2 3 2 23 3 3
7 9
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) (d)
2 2
170. x 1 a a 2 ....... (a 1) , y 1 b b 2 ....... (b 1) . Then the value of 1 ab a 2 b 2 ...... is [MNR 1980; MP PET 1985]
xy xy xy xy
(a) (b) (c) (d)
x y 1 x y 1 x y 1 x y 1
1 1 1
171. The value of alog b x , where a 0 .2, b 5 , x ...... to is
4 8 16
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1/2 (d) 4
Progressions 36
Progressions
172. The sum of an infinite geometric series is 3. A series, which is formed by squares of its terms have the sum also 3. First series will be \
[Rajasthan PET 1999; Roorkee 1972; UPSEAT 1999]
3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) , , , ,..... (b) , , , ,..... (c) , , , ,..... (d) 1, , , ,.....
2 4 8 16 2 4 8 16 3 9 27 81 3 32 33
173. If 1 cos cos 2 ....... 2 2, then , (0 ) is [Roorkee 2000]
(a) / 8 (b) / 6 (c) / 4 (d) 3 / 4
174. Consider an infinite G.P. with first term a and common ratio r, its sum is 4 and the second term is 3/4 , then
[IIT Screening 2000; DCE 2001]
7 3 3 1 3 1
(a) a ,r (b) a ,r (c) a 2, r (d) a 3, r
4 7 2 2 8 4
175. Let n ( 1) be a positive integer, then the largest integer m such that (n m 1) divides (1 n n 2 ..... n127 ), is [IIT 1995]
(a) 32 (b) 63 (c) 64 (d) 127
176. If |a|<1 and |b|<1, then the sum of the series a(a b) a 2 (a 2 b 2 ) a3 (a3 b 3 ) ..... upto is
a ab a2 ab b a b2 ab
(a) (b) 2
(c) (d) 2
1 a 1 ab 1a 1 ab a b 1 a 1b 1 ab
177. If S is the sum to infinity of a G.P., whose first term is a, then the sum of the first n terms is [UPSEAT 2002]
n n n
a a a
(a) S 1 (b) S 1 1 (c) a 1 1 (d) None of these
S S S
1 1 1 1
178. If S denotes the sum to infinity and S n the sum of n terms of the series 1 ....., such that S S n , then the least value of n
2 4 1000
is
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 11
cos x
179. If exp. {(sin x+sin x+sin x+....+) log 2} satisfies the equation x 2 9 x 8 0, then the value of
2 4 4
e
,0 x is
cos x sin x 2
1 1
(a) ( 3 1) (b) ( 3 1) (c) 0 (d) None of these
2 2
Geometric mean
Basic Level
1 1
180. If G be the geometric mean of x and y, then
G2 x 2 G2 y 2
1 2
(a) G2 (b) (c) (d) 3G 2
G2 G2
181. If n geometric means be inserted between a and b, then the n geometric mean will be
th
n n 1 n 1
b n 1 b n b n 1 b n
(a) a (b) a (c) a (d) a
a a a a
an b n
182. If be the geometric mean of a and b, then n=
a n 1 b n 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1/2 (d) None of these
2
183. The G.M. of roots of the equation x 18 x 9 0 is [Rajasthan PET 1997]
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1
184. If five G.M.'s are inserted between 486 and 2/3 then fourth G.M. will be [Rajasthan PET 1999]
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) – 6
185. If 4 G.M’s be inserted between 160 and 5 them third G.M. will be
(a) 8 (b) 118 (c) 20 (d) 40
1
186. The product of three geometric means between 4 and will be
4
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) – 1 (d) 1
187. The geometric mean between –9 and –16 is
(a) 12 (b) – 12 (c) – 13 (d) None of these
Advance Level
Progressions 37
Progressions
188. If n geometric means between a and b be G1 , G2 , ..... Gn and a geometric mean be G, then the true relation is
(a) G1 . G2 ...... Gn G (b) G1 . G2 ...... Gn G1 / n (c) G1 . G2 ...... Gn G n (d) G1 . G2 ...... Gn G 2 / n
1
189. If x and y be two real numbers and n geometric means are inserted between x and y. now x is multiplied by k and y is multiplied and then n G.M’s.
k
are inserted. The ratio of the n tn G.M’s. in the two cases is
n 1 1
(a) k n 1 : 1 (b) 1 : k n 1 (c) 1: 1 (d) None of these
Properties of G.P.
Basic Level
190. If a, b, c are in G.P., then
(a) a(b 2 a 2 ) c(b 2 c 2 ) (b) a(b 2 c 2 ) c(a2 b 2 ) (c) a 2 (b c) c 2 (a b) (d) None of these
191. If x is added to each of numbers 3, 9, 21 so that the resulting numbers may be in G.P., then the value of x will be [MP PET 1986]
1 1
(a) 3 (b) (c) 2 (d)
2 3
192. If log x a, a x / 2 and log b x are in G.P., then x =
(a) log a (log b a) (b) log a (log a b ) (c) log a (log e a) log a (log e b ) (d) log a (log e b ) log a (log e a)
n n n
10
193. If n 1
n,
3
. n
n 1
n 2,
n 1
3
are in G.P. then the value of n is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) Nonexistent
194. If p, q, r are in A.P., then p , q and r terms of any G.P. are in
th th th
(a) AP (b) G.P.
(c) Reciprocals of these terms are in A.P. (d) None of these
195. If a, b, c are in G.P., then [Rajasthan PET 1995]
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a) a , b , c are in G.P. (b) a (b c), c (a b ), b (a c) are in G.P.
a b c
(c) , , are in G.P. (d) None of these
bc ca ab
196. Let a and b be roots of x 2 3 x p 0 and let c and d be the roots of x 2 12 x q 0, where a, b, c, d form an increasing G.P. Then the ratio of
(q + p) : (q – p) is equal to
(a) 8 : 7 (b) 11 : 10 (c) 17 : 15 (d) None of these
3 2
197. If the roots of the cubic equation ax bx cx d 0 are in G.P., then
(a) c 3 a b 3d (b) ca 3 bd 3 (c) a 3b c 3d (d) ab 3 cd 3
198. If x1 , x 2 , x 3 as well as y1 , y 2 , y 3 are in G.P. with the same common ratio, then the points (x 1 , y1 ), ( x 2 , y 2 ) and (x 3 , y 3 ) [IIT 1999]
(a) Lie on a straight line (b) Lie on an ellipse (c) Lie on a circle (d) Are vertices of a triangle
199. Let f (x ) 2 x 1 . Then the number of real values of x for which the three unequal numbers f (x ), f (2 x ), f (4 x ) are in GP is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) None of these
200. S denotes the sum of the first r terms of a G.P. Then S n , S 2 n S n , S 3 n S 2 n are in
r
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
201. If a1 / x b 1 / y c1 / z and a, b , c are in G.P., then x, y, z will be in [IIT 1969; UPSEAT 2001]
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
202. If x, y, z are in G.P. and a x b y c z , then [IIT 1966, 1968]
Progressions 38
Progressions
(a) log a c log b a (b) log b a log c b (c) log c b log a c (d) None of these
General term of Harmonic progression
Basic Level
203. Three consecutive terms of a progression are 30, 24, 20. The next term of the progression is
1
(a) 18 (b) 17 (c) 16 (d) None of these
7
1 1
204. The 5 term of the H.P., 2, 2
th
, 3 ,...... will be [MP PET 1984]
2 3
1 1
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 1 / 10 (d) 10
5 5
1 1
205. If 5 term of a H.P. is
th
and 11 term is , then its 16 term will be
th th
[Rajasthan PET 1987, 97]
45 69
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
89 85 80 79
1 1
206. If the 7 term of a H.P. is
th
and the 12 term is , then the 20 term is
th th
[MP PET 1997]
10 25
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
37 41 45 49
1 1
207. If 6 term of a H.P. is
th
and its tenth term is , then first term of that H.P. is [Karnataka CET 2001]
61 105
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
28 39 6 17
Advance Level
2 6
208. The 9 term of the series 27+ 9 + 5
th
3 ..... will be [MP PET 1983]
5 7
10 10 16 17
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
17 17 27 27
209. In a H.P., p term is q and the q term is p. Then pq term is
th th th
[Karnataka CET 2002]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) pq (d) pq ( p q )
bc ca ab
210. If a, b, c be respectively the p , q and r terms of a H.P., then p q r equals
th th th
1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) – 1 (d) None of these
Harmonic mean
Basic Level
a n 1 b n 1
211. If be the harmonic mean between a and b, then the value of n is [Assam PET 1986]
an b n
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
H a H b
212. If the harmonic mean between a and b be H, then [AMU 1998]
H a H b
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) a + b
H H
213. If H is the harmonic mean between p and q, then the value of is [MNR 1990; UPSEAT 2000; 2001]
p q
Progressions 39
Progressions
pq pq
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d) None of these
pq pq
214. H. M. between the roots of the equation x 2 10 x 11 0 is [MP PET 1995]
1 5 21 11
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 21 20 5
a a
215. The harmonic mean of and is [MP PET 1996]
1 ab 1 ab
a a 1
(a) (b) (c) a (d)
1a b 2 2 1 a 2b 2 a a 2b 2
6
216. The sixth H.M. between 3 and is [Rajasthan PET 1996]
13
63 63 126 120
(a) (b) (c) (d)
120 12 105 63
Advance Level
1
217. If there are n harmonic means between 1 and and the ratio of 7 and (n 1)th harmonic means is 9 : 5, then the value of n will be
th
31
[Rajasthan PET 1986]
(a) 12 (b) 13 (c) 14 (d) 15
218. If m is a root of the given equation (1 ab)x 2 (a 2 b 2 )x (1 ab ) 0 and m harmonic means are inserted between a and b, then the difference
between last and the first of the means equals
(a) b – a (b) ab (b – a) (c) a (b – a) (d) ab(a – b)
Properties of Harmonic progression
Basic Level
1 1 1 1
219. If , then a, b, c are in [MNR 1984; MP PET 1997; UPSEAT 2000]
b a b c a c
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) In G.P. and H.P. both
a b c
220. If a, b, c are in H.P., then , , are in [Roorkee 1980]
bc ca ab
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
ab b c cd
221. If a, b, c, d are any four consecutive coefficients of any expanded binomial, then , , are in
a b c
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
222. log 3 2, log 6 2, log 12 2 are in [Rajasthan PET 1993, 2001]
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
223. If a, b, c are in H.P., then for all n N the true statement is [Rajasthan PET 1995]
(a) a n c n 2b n (b) a n c n 2 b n (c) a n c n 2 b n (d) None of these
224. Which number should be added to the numbers 13, 15, 19 so that the resulting numbers be the consecutive term of a H.P.
(a) 7 (b) 6 (c) – 6 (d) – 7
Advance Level
225. If b 2 , a 2 , c 2 are in A.P., then a c, b c, c a will be in [AMU 1974]
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
226. If a, b, c, d be in H.P., then
(a) a 2 c 2 b 2 d 2 (b) a 2 d 2 b 2 c 2 (c) ac bd b 2 c 2 (d) ac bd b 2 d 2
227. If a1 , a 2 , a3 ,......, an are in H.P., then a1a2 a2 a3 ........ an 1an will be equal to [IIT 1975]
(a) a1an (b) na1an (c) (n 1)a1 an (d) None of these
Progressions 40
Progressions
228. If x, y, z are in H.P., then the value of expression log( x z ) log( x 2 y z ) will be [Rajasthan PET 1985, 2000]
(a) log( x z ) (b) 2 log( x z ) (c) 3 log( x z ) (d) 4 log( x z )
xy yz
229. If , y, are in H.P., then x, y, z are in [Rajasthan PET 1989; MP PET 2003]
2 2
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
230. If a, b, c, d are in H.P., then [Rajasthan PET 1991]
(a) a + d > b + c (b) ad > bc (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
Arithmetio-geometric progression
Basic Level
231. If |x| <1, then the sum of the series 1 2 x 3 x 2 4 x 3 ........ will be
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1x 1x (1 x )2 (1 x )2
232. The sum of 0.2+0.004 + 0.00006 + 0.0000008+...... to is
200 2000 1000
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
891 9801 9801
233. The n th term of the sequence 1.1, 2.3, 4.5, 8.7,...... will be
(a) 2 n (2n 1) (b) 2n 1 (2n 1) (c) 2n 1 (2n 1) (d) 2n (2n 1)
Advance Level
4 7 10
234. The sum of infinite terms of the following series 1 .....will be
5 5 2 53
[MP PET 1981; Rajasthan PET 1997; Roorkee 1992; DCE 1996, 2000]
3 35 35 35
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 8 4 16
235. The sum of the series 1+ 3x+ 6x +10x +....... will be
2 3
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1 x )2 1x (1 x )2 (1 x )3
236. 21 / 4 . 4 1 / 8. 8 1 / 16 .16 1 / 32 ....... is equal to [MNR 1984; MP PET 1998; AIEEE 2002]
3 5
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d)
2 2
2 3 4
237. The sum of 1 ........ upto n terms is [MP PET 1982]
5 5 2 53
25 4n 5 3 2n 5 3 3n 5 1 5n 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 16 5 n 1 4 16 5 n 1 7 16 5 n 1 2 3 5n 2
238. The sum of i – 2 – 3i + 4 + ....... upto 100 terms, where i 1 is
(a) 50 (1 i) (b) 25 i (c) 25 (1 i) (d) 100 (1 i)
Method of Difference
Basic Level
239. n term of the series 2 4 7 11 ...... will be
th
[Roorkee 1977]
n2 n 1 n2 n 2 n 2 2n 2
(a) (b) n2 n 2 (c) (d)
2 2 2
240. If tn denotes the n term of the series 2 3 6 11 18 .... then t is
th
50
(a) 49 2 1 (b) 49 2 (c) 50 2 1 (d) 49 3 2
241. First term of the 11 group in the following groups (1), (2, 3, 4), (5, 6, 7, 8, 9), ..... is
th
(a) 89 (b) 97 (c) 101 (d) 123
242. The sum of the series 6 66 666 ...... upto n terms is [IIT 1974]
(a) (10 n 1 9 n 10 ) / 81 (b) 2 (10 n 1 9 n 10 ) / 27 (c) 2 (10 n 9 n 10 ) / 27 (d) None of these
Progressions 41
Progressions
243. Sum of n terms of series 12 16 24 40 ..... will be [UPSEAT 1999]
n n n n
(a) 2 (2 1) 8 n (b) 2(2 1) 6n (c) 3(2 1) 8 n (d) 4(2 1) 8 n
244. If |a|<1 and |b|<1, then the sum of the series 1 (1 a)b (1 a a 2 )b 2 (1 a a 2 a3 )b 3 ...... is
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1 a) (1 b) (1 a) (1 ab) (1 b ) (1 ab ) (1 a)(1 b )(1 ab )
nth Term of Special series
Basic Level
13 13 2 3 13 2 3 3 3
245. n th term of the series + .......will be [Pb. CET 2000]
1 1 3 135
n 2 2n 1 n 2 2n 1 n 2 2n 1
(a) n 2 2n 1 (b) (c) (d)
8 4 4
1 12 123
246. The n term of series
th
......... will be [AMU 1982]
1 2 3
n 1 n 1 n2 1 n2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
247. If a1 a2 2, an an 1 1(n 2), then a5 is
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) 0 (d) – 2
Advance Level
248. The number 111.......1 (91 times) is a
(a) Even number (b) Prime number (c) Not prime (d) None of these
249. The difference between an integer and its cube is divisible by [MP PET 1999]
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) None of these
250. In the sequence 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,......, where n consecutive terms have the value n , the 1025 term is
th
(a) 2 9
(b) 2 10
(c) 2 11
(d) 2 8
251. Observe that 1 3 1, 2 3 3 5, 3 3 7 9 11, 4 3 13 15 17 19 . Then n as a similar series is
3
n(n 1) (n 1)n (n 1)n
(a) 2 1 1 2 1 1 ...... 2 1 2n 3
2 2 2
(b) (n 2 n 1) (n 2 n 3) (n 2 n 5) ..... (n 2 3 n 1)
(c) (n 2 n 1) (n 2 n 3) (n 2 n 5) ..... (n 2 n 1)
(d) None of these
Sum to n terms and infinite number of terms
Basic Level
252. The sum of the series 3 . 6 + 4 . 7 + 5 . 8 +....... upto (n – 2) terms [EAMCET 1980]
1
(a) n3 n2 n 2 (b) (2n 3 12 n 2 10 n 84 ) (c) n3 n 2 n (d) None of these
6
253. The sum of the series 1 (1 2) (1 2 3) ...... upto n terms, will be [MP PET 1986]
n(n 1) (2n 1) n(n 1) (n 2)
(a) n 2 2n 6 (b) (c) n 2 2n 6 (d)
6 6
Progressions 42
Progressions
254. The sum to n terms of the series 2 2 4 2 6 2 ....... is [MP PET 1994]
n(n 1) (2n 1) 2n(n 1) (2n 1) n(n 1) (2n 1) n(n 1) (2n 1)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 6 9
255. 11 2 12 2 13 2 ....... 20 2 [MP PET 1995]
(a) 2481 (b) 2483 (c) 2485 (d) 2487
256. The sum to n terms of (2n 1) 2 (2n 3 ) 3 (2n 5) ..... is [AMU 2001]
(a) (n 1)(n 2) (n 3) / 6 (b) n (n 1)(n 2) / 6 (c) n (n 1) (2n 3 ) (d) n (n 1) (2n 1) / 6
1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 ..... 12 3
257. [MP PET 1998]
1 2 2 2 3 3 4 2 ..... 12 2
234 243 263
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
25 35 27
258. Sum of the squares of first n natural numbers exceeds their sum by 330, then n= [Karnataka CET 1998]
(a) 8 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 20
1 1 1 1
259. ..... equals [AMU 1995; Rajasthan PET 1996; UPSEAT 1999, 2001]
1 . 2 2 .3 3 .4 n. (n 1)
1 n 2n 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
n (n 1) n 1 n 1 n (n 1)
260. The sum to n terms of the infinite series 1 . 3 2 2 .5 2 3 . 7 2 ..... is [AMU 1982]
n n
(a) (n 1) (6 n 2 14 n 7 ) (b) (n 1) (2n 1) (3 n 1) (c) 4 n3 4 n 2 n (d) None of these
6 6
Advance Level
261. The sum of all the products of the first n natural numbers taken two at a time is
1 n2 1
(a) n (n 1) (n 1) (3 n 2) (b) (n 1) (n 2) (c) n (n 1) (n 2) (n 5 ) (d) None of these
24 48 6
262. The sum of the series 1. 3. 5 + 2. 5. 8 +3. 7. 11+.....up to 'n' terms is [Dhanbad Engg. 1972]
2 2 2 2
n(n 1) (9 n 23 n 13 ) n(n 1) (9 n 23 n 12 ) (n 1) (9 n 23 n 13 ) n (9 n 23 n 13 )
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 6 6 6
n(n 1)2
263. The sum of first n terms of the given series 1 2 2 .2 2 3 2 2 . 4 2 5 2 2 .6 2 ....... is , when n is even. When n is odd, the sum will be[IIT 1988;
2
n(n 1)2 1 2
(a) (b) n (n 1) (c) n(n 1)2 (d) None of these
2 2
n
ar
264. The value of log b
r 1
is
r 1
n an n an 1 n a n 1 n an 1
(a) log n
(b) log 2 (c) log n 1
(d) log n 1
2 b 2 b 2 b 2 b
1 2 3
265. The sum of the series ......... to n terms is
1 1 2 14 1 2 2 2 4 1 32 34
n(n 2 1) n(n 1) n(n 2 1)
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
n2 n 1 2(n 2 n 1) 2(n 2 n 1)
266. For any odd integer n 1 , n 3 (n 1)3 ...... (1)n 1 13 [IIT 1996]
1 1 1 1
(a) (n 1)2 (2 n 1) (b) (n 1)2 (2 n 1) (c) (n 1)2 (2n 1) (d) (n 1)2 (2n 1)
2 4 2 4
5 9 13
267. The sum of the infinite terms of the sequence 2 2
2 2 2 2 ..... is
3 .7 7 .11 11 . 15
Progressions 43
Progressions
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
18 36 54 72
268. The sum of the infinite series 1 2 2 2 x 3 2 x 2 ..... is
(a) (1 x ) /(1 x )3 (b) (1 x ) /(1 x ) (c) x /(1 x )3 (d) 1 /(1 x )3
20
n
269. If in a series t n
(n 1)!
, then t
n 1
n is equal to
20 !1 21 !1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
20 ! 21 ! 2(n 1) !
n n m
270. r is equal to
r 1
r2
m 1 r 1
n n n n
1 1
(a) 0 (b)
2 r 1
r2
r 1
r
(c) r
2 r 1
r2
r 1
(d) None of these
271. For all positive integral values of n, the value of 3 . 1 . 2 3 . 2 . 3 3 .3 .4 ..... 3 .n.(n 1) is [Rajasthan PET 1999]
(n 1) n (n 1)
(a) n (n 1)(n 2) (b) n (n 1)(2 n 1) (c) (n 1) n (n 1) (d)
2
1 1 1
272. The sum of (n 1) terms of ...... is [Rajasthan PET 1999]
1 12 123
n 2n 2 2 (n 1)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
n 1 n 1 n (n 1) n2
273. The sum of (n 1) terms of 1 (1 3) (1 3 5 ) ....... is [Rajasthan PET 1999]
n (n 1)(2n 1) n 2 (n 1) n (n 1) (2 n 1)
(a) (b) (c) (d) n2
6 4 6
274. The sum 1(1 ! ) 2(2 ! ) 3(3 ! ) ..... n(n ! ) equals [AMU 1999]
(a) 3(n ! ) n 3 (b) (n 1) ! (n 1) ! (c) (n 1) ! 1 (d) 2(n ! ) 2 n 1
3 5 7
275. Sum of the n terms of the series 2
2 2
... is [Pb. CET 1999; Rajasthan PET 2001]
1 1 2 1 22 3 2
2
2n 4n 6n 9n
(a) (b) (c) (d)
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
1.3 1.3.5
276. The sum of the series 1 .... is [UPSEAT 2001]
6 6 .8
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d) 4
3 3 3
277. 11 12 .... 20 [Pb. CET 1997; Rajasthan PET 2002]
(a) Is divisible by 5 (b) Is an odd integer divisible by 5
(c) Is an even integer which is not divisible by 5 (d) Is an odd integer which is not divisible by 5
278. The sum of all numbers between 100 and 10,000 which are of form n 3 (n N ) is equal to [IIT 1989]
(a) 55216 (b) 53261 (c) 51261 (d) 53216
279. The cubes of the natural numbers are grouped as 1 3 , (2 3 ,3 3 ), (4 3 ,5 3 ,6 3 ),..... then sum of the numbers in the n group is th
1 3 2 1 3 2 n3 2
(a) n (n 1)(n 2 3) (b) n (n 16 )(n 2 12 ) (c) (n 2)(n 2 4 ) (d) None of these
8 16 12
280. The value of the expression 2(1 )(1 2 ) 3(2 1)(2 2 1) 4 (3 1)(3 2 1) ..... (n 1)(n 1)(n 2 1) is
2 2 2
n(n 1) n(n 1) n(n 1)
(a) 2 (b) 2 n (c) 2 n (d) None of these
1 1 1 2 1 1 1
281. If 2
2 2 ....up to , then 2 2 2 ..... equals to
1 2 3 6 1 3 5
(a) 2 /6 (b) 2 / 16 (c) 2 /8 (d) None of these
n
1
282. The value of
r 1 a rx a (r 1)x
is
Progressions 44
Progressions
n a nx a n( a nx a)
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
a a nx x x
n n
283. Let
n 1
r 4 f (n) . Then (2r 1)
r 1
4
is equal to
n 1
(a) f (2 n) 16 f (n) ,for all n N (b) f (n) 16 f , when n is odd
2
n
(c) f (n) 16 f , when n is even (d) None of these
2
1 1 1
284. The sum to n terms of the series ..... is
1. 2 . 3 . 4 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 3 . 4 . 5 . 6
1 1 15
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
3(n 1)(n 2)(n 3 ) 6 (n 2)(n 3 )(n 4 ) 4 n(n 1)(n 5 )
Relation between A.P., G.P. and H.P.
Basic Level
285. If a and b are two different positive real numbers, then which of the following relations is true [MP PET 1982,2002]
(a) 2 ab (a b ) (b) 2 ab (a b ) (c) 2 ab (a b ) (d) None of these
286. If a, b, c are in A.P. as well as in G.P., then [MNR 1981; AMU 1998]
(a) abc (b) abc (c) abc (d) abc
287. If three numbers be in G.P., then their logarithms will be in [BIT 1992]
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
288. If the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means between two distinct positive real numbers be A, G and H respectively, then the relation between them
[MP PET 1984; Roorkee 1995]
(a) AGH (b) AGH (c) H GA (d) GAH
289. If the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means between two positive real numbers be A, G and H, then
[AMU 1979,82; MP PET 1993]
2 2 2
(a) A GH (b) H AG (c) G AH (d) G AH
a 1 2
290. If a, b, c are in A.P. then , , are in [MNR 1982; MP PET 2002]
bc c b
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
291. The geometric mean of two numbers is 6 and their arithmetic mean is 6.5. The numbers are [MP PET 1994]
(a) (3, 12) (b) (4, 9) (c) (2, 18) (d) (7, 6)
292. In the four numbers first three are in G.P. and last three in A.P. whose common difference is 6. If the first and last numbers are same, then first will be [IIT 1974]
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
A1 A 2
293. If A1 , A 2 are the two A.M.'s between two numbers a and b and G1 , G 2 be two G.M.'s between same two numbers, then
G1 . G 2
[Roorkee 1983; DCE 1998]
ab ab 2 ab ab
(a) (b) (c) (d)
ab 2 ab ab ab
294. If the A.M. and H.M. of two numbers is 27 and 12 respectively, then G.M. of the two numbers will be [Rajasthan PET 1987,95]
(a) 9 (b) 18 (c) 24 (d) 36
144
295. The A.M., H.M. and G.M. between two numbers are , 15 and 12, but necessarily in this order. Then H.M., G.M. and A.M. respectively are
15
144 144 144 144
(a) 15 ,12, (b) ,12 ,15 (c) 12,15 , (d) ,15 ,12
15 15 15 15
296. If G.M. =18 and A.M.=27, then H.M. is [Rajasthan PET 1996]
1 1
(a) (b) (c) 12 (d) 9 6
18 12
Progressions 45
Progressions
297. If sum of A.M. and H.M. between two numbers is 25 and their G.M. is 12, then sum of numbers is
(a) 9 (b) 18 (c) 32 (d) 18 or 32
a bx b cx c dx
298. If (x 0 ), then a, b, c, d are in [Rajasthan PET 1986]
a bx b cx c dx
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
299. The numbers 1,4, 16 can be three terms (not necessarily consecutive) of
(a) No A.P. (b) Only one G.P. (c) Infinite number of A.P’s. (d) Infinite numbers of G.P’s.
300. In a G.P. of alternately positive and negative terms, any terms is the A.M. of the next two terms . Then the common ratio is
1
(a) – 1 (b) – 3 (c) – 2 (d)
2
1 1 1
301. If a, b, c are in A.P., then a ,b ,c are in
bc ca ab
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
302. The A.M. of two given positive numbers is 2. If the larger number is increased by 1, the G.M. of the numbers becomes equal to the A.M. of the given
numbers. Then the H.M. of the given numbers is
3 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
2 3 2
Advance Level
303. If p , q , r and s terms of an A.P. be in G.P., then ( p q ), (q r), (r s) will be in
th th th th
[MP PET 1993]
(a) G.P. (b) A.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
304. If a, b, c are the positive integers, then (a b )(b c)(c a) is [DCE 2000]
(a) 8 abc (b) 8 abc (c) 8 abc (d) None of these
a b c
305. If a, b, c are in A.P., then 3 ,3 ,3 shall be in [Pb. CET 1990]
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
306. If a, b, c, d and p are different real numbers such that (a 2 b 2 c 2 )p 2 2(ab bc cd )p (b 2 c 2 d 2 ) 0, then a, b, c, d are in
[IIT 1987]
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) ab cd
307. If the first and (2n 1) th terms of an A.P., G.P. and H.P. are equal and their n terms are respectively a, b and c, then
th
[IIT 1985,88]
(a) abc (b) ac b (c) ac b 2 0 (d) (a) and (c) both
th th th
308. If the (m 1) , (n 1) and (r 1) terms of an A.P. are in G.P. and m, n, r in H.P., then the value of the ratio of the common difference to the
terms of the A.P. is [MNR 1989; Roorkee 1994]
2 2 n n
(a) (b) (c) (d)
n n 2 2
309. Given a x b y c z d u and a, b, c, d are in G.P., then x, y, z, u are in [Dhanbad Engg. 1972; Roorkee 1984; Rajasthan PET 2001]
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
310. If a, b, c are in G.P. and log a log 2b , log 2b log 3 c and log 3 c log a are in A.P., then a, b, c are the length of the sides of a triangle which is
(a) Acute angled (b) Obtuse angled (c) Right angled (d) Equilateral
311. If a, b, c are in A.P., b, c, d are in G.P. and c, d, e are in H.P., then a, c, e are in [AMU 1988,2001; MP PET 1993]
(a) No particular order (b) A.P. (c) G.P. (d) H.P.
312. If a, b, c are in A.P. and a 2 , b 2 , c 2 are in H.P., then [MNR 1986,88; IIT 1977,2003]
(a) abc (b) 2b 3 a c (c) b 2 (ac / 8 ) (d) None of these
313. The harmonic mean of two numbers is 4 and the arithmetic and geometric means satisfy the relation 2 A G 2 27 , the numbers are
[MNR 1987; UPSEAT 1999,2000]
(a) 6, 3 (b) 5, 4 (c) 5, – 2.5 (d) – 3, 1
314. In a G.P. the sum of three numbers is 14, if 1 is added to first two numbers and subtracted from third numbers, the series becomes A.P., then the
greatest number is [Roorkee 1973]
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 24 (d) 16
a c
315. If a, b, c are in G.P. and x, y are the arithmetic means between a, b and b, c respectively, then is equal to [Roorkee 1969]
x y
Progressions 46
Progressions
1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d)
2
316. If a, b, c are in A.P. and a, b, d in G.P., then a, a – b, d – c will be in [Ranchi BIT 1968]
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
317. If x, 1, z are in A.P. and x, 2, z are in G.P., then x, 4, z will be in [IIT 1965]
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
1 1 1 5
318. x y z 15 , if 9 , x , y , z , a are in A.P.; while if 9 , x , y , z , a are in H.P., then the value of a will be [IIT 1978]
x y z 3
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 9
6
319. If 9 A.M.'s and H.M.'s are inserted between the 2 and 3 and if the harmonic mean H is corresponding to arithmetic mean A, then A [Dhanbad Engg. 1987]
H
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6
320. If the p , q and r term of a G.P. and H.P. are a, b, c, then a(b c) log a b (c a) log b c(a b ) log c
th th th
[Dhanbad Engg. 1976]
(a) – 1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) Does not exist
321. If the product of three terms of G.P. is 512. If 8 added to first and 6 added to second term, so that number may be in A.P., then the numbers are [Roorkee 1964]
(a) 2, 4, 8, (b) 4, 8, 16 (c) 3, 6, 12 (d) None of these
322. If the ratio of H.M. and G.M. between two numbers a and b is 4 : 5 , then ratio of the two numbers will be [IIT 1992; MP PET 2000]
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 4
323. If the A.M. and G.M. of roots of a quadratic equations are 8 and 5 respectively, then the quadratic equation will be [[Link] 1990]
2 2 2 2
(a) x 16 x 25 0 (b) x 8x 5 0 (c) x 16 x 25 0 (d) x 16 x 25 0
324. Let a1 , a 2 ,..... a10 be in A.P. and h1 , h 2 ,....., h10 be in H.P. If a1 h1 2 and a10 h10 3, then a 4 h7 is [IIT 1999]
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6
325. If ln(a c), ln(c a), ln(a 2 b c) are in A.P., then [IIT Screening 1994; Rajasthan PET 1999]
(a) a, b, c are in A.P. (b) a 2 , b 2 , c 2 are in A.P. (c) a, b, c are in G.P. (d) a, b, c are in H.P.
G1 G2 H 1 H 2
326. If A1 , A 2 ; G1 , G 2 and H 1 , H 2 be two A.M’s, G.M’s and H.M’s between two numbers respectively, then equals
H1 H 2 A1 A2
[Rajasthan PET 1997; AMU 2000]
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 3
1 1 1
327. If x 1, y 1, z 1 are in G.P., then , , are in [IIT 1998; UPSEAT 2001]
1 ln x 1 ln y 1 ln z
(a) A.P. (b) H.P. (c) G.P. (d) None of these
328. If p, q, r are in one geometric progression and a, b, c in another geometric progression, then cp , bq , ar are in
[Roorkee Qualifying 1998]
(a) A.P. (b) H.P. (c) G.P. (d) None of these
1 1
329. If first three terms of sequence , a, b, are in geometric series and last three terms are in harmonic series, then the value of a and b will be [UPSEAT 199
16 6
1 1 1
(a) a ,b 1 (b) a ,b (c) (a) and (b) both are true (d) None of these
4 12 9
330. If a x b y c z and a, b, c are in G.P., then x , y , z are in [Pb. CET 1993; DCE 1999; AMU 1999]
(a) A. P. (b) G. P. (c) H. P. (d) None of these
G12 G 22
331. If G1 and G 2 are two geometric means and A the arithmetic mean inserted between two numbers, then the value of is
G2 G1
[DCE 1999]
A
(a) (b) A (c) 2 A (d) None of these
2
a b c
332. If , , are in H.P., then a, b, c are in [Rajasthan PET 1999]
bc ca ab
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
1 1 1
333. If a, b, c are in A.P., then , , are in [Roorkee 1999]
a b a c b c
Progressions 47
Progressions
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
334. The sum of three decreasing numbers in A.P. is 27. If 1, 1, 3 are added to them respectively, the resulting series is in G.P. The numbers are [AMU 1999]
(a) 5, 9, 13 (b) 15, 9, 3 (c) 13, 9, 5 (d) 17, 9, 1
c a b
335. If in the equation ax 2 bx c 0, the sum of roots is equal to sum of square of their reciprocals, then , , are in
a b c
[Rajasthan PET 2000]
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
ax 1 bx 1 cx 1
336. If a, b, c are in A.P., then 2 ,2 ,2 , x 0 are in [DCE 2000; Pb. CET 2000]
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. only when x 0 (c) G.P. if x 0 (d) G.P. for all x 0
a b c
337. If b c, c a, a b are in H.P., then , , are in [Rajasthan PET 2000]
bc ca ab
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
338. The common difference of an A.P. whose first term is unity and whose second, tenth and thirty fourth terms are in G.P., is
[AMU 2000]
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 3 6 9
339. The sum of three consecutive terms in a geometric progression is 14. If 1 is added to the first and the second terms and 1 is subtracted from the third,
the resulting new terms are in arithmetic progression. Then the lowest of the original term is
[MP PET 2001]
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8
340. a, g, h are arithmetic mean, geometric mean and harmonic mean between two positive numbers x and y respectively. Then identify the correct
statement among the following [Karnataka CET 2001]
(a) h is the harmonic mean between a and g (b) No such relation exists between a, g and h
(c) g is the geometric mean between a and h (d) a is the arithmetic mean between g and h
341. Let the positive numbers a, b, c, d be in A.P., then abc, abd, acd, bcd are [IIT Screening 2001]
(a) Not in A.P./G.P./H.P. (b) In A.P. (c) In G.P. (d) In H.P.
342. If (y x ), 2(y a) and (y z ) are in H.P., then x a, y a, z a are in [Rajasthan PET 2001]
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
2 2
343. If A and G are arithmetic and geometric means and x 2 Ax G 0 , then [UPSEAT 2001]
(a) AG (b) AG (c) AG (d) A G
344. If A is the A.M. of the roots of the equation x 2 2 ax b 0 and G is the G.M. of the roots of the equation x 2 2bx a 2 0, then
[UPSEAT 2001]
(a) AG (b) AG (c) AG (d) None of these
345. If a,b, c are three unequal numbers such that a, b, c are in A.P. and b – a, c – b, a are in G.P., then a : b : c is [UPSEAT 2001]
(a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 2: 3 : 1 (c) 1 : 3 : 2 (d) 3 : 2 : 1
346. If a, b , c are in A.P. and a 2 , b 2 , c 2 are in H.P., then [UPSEAT 2001]
c2 a
(a) abc (b) a2 b 2 (c) a, b, c are in G.P. (d) , b, c are in G.P.
2 2
347. Let a1 , a 2 , a 3 be any positive real numbers, then which of the following statement is not true [Orissa JEE 2002]
a1 a 2 a 3
(a) 3 a1a 2 a3 a13 a23 a33 (b) 3
a 2 a 3 a1
3
1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) (a1 a 2 a 3 ) 9
(d) (a1 a 2 a 3 ) 27
a
1 a 2 a 3 a
1 a 2 a 3
348. If a1 , a 2 ,.... a n are positive real numbers whose product is a fixed number c, then the minimum value of a1 a 2 ... a n 1 2 a n is
Progressions 48
Progressions
[IIT Screening 2002]
(a) n(2c)1 / n (b) (n 1) c 1 / n (c) 2 nc 1 / n (d) (n 1)(2c)1 / n
3
349. Suppose a, b, c are in A.P. and a 2 , b 2 , c 2 are in G.P. If a < b < c and a b c , then the value of a is
2
[IIT Screening 2002]
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2
n
5 n 1 5
350. Two sequences {t n } and {s n } are defined by tn log n 1 , sn log , then [AMU 2002]
3 3
(a) {t n } is an A.P., {s n } is a G.P. (b) {t n } and {s n } are both G.P.
(c) {t n } and {s n } are both A.P. (d) {s n } is a G.P., {t n } is neither A.P. nor G.P.
a b a b
351. If b c b c = 0 and 1 / 2, then a, b, c are in
2 1 0
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
352. If x, y, z are in G.P. and tan 1 x , tan 1 y, tan 1 z are in A.P., then
(a) x y z or y 1 (b) z 1/ x
(c) x y z , but their common value is not necessarily zero (d) x yz0
353. If in a progression a1 , a 2 , a 3 ....., etc., (a r a r 1 ) bears a constant ratio with a r .a r 1 then the terms of the progression are in
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
a 2 a3 a a3 a a3
354. If 2 3 2 then a1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 are in
a1 a 4 a1 a 4 a1 a 4
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) None of these
355. If a, a1 , a 2 , a 3 ,..... a 2 n 1 , b are in A.P., a, b 1 , b 2 , b 3 ,..... b 2 n 1 , b are in G.P. and a, c 1 , c 2 , c 3 ,..... c 2 n 1 , b are in H.P., where a, b are positive, then the
equation a n x 2 b n x c n 0 has its roots
(a) Real and unequal (b) Real and equal (c) Imaginary (d) None of these
356. If a, x, b, are in A.P., a, y, b are in G.P. and a, z, b are in H.P. such that x 9 z and a 0 , b 0 then
(a) | y | 3 z (b) x 3| y| (c) 2y x z (d) None of these
357. If a, b, c are in G.P. and a, p, q in A.P. such that 2a, b p, c q are in G.P. then the common difference of the A.P. is
(a) 2a (b) ( 2 1)(a b ) (c) 2 (a b ) (d) ( 2 1)(b a)
Applications of Progressions
Basic Level
358. If x, y, z are positive then the minimum value of x log y log z y log z log x z log x log y is
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 9 (d) 16
1
359. a, b, c are three positive numbers and abc 2 has the greatest value . Then
64
Progressions 49
Progressions
1 1 1 1 1
(a) ab ,c (b) ab ,c (c) abc (d) None of these
2 4 4 2 3
360. If a 0 , b 0 , c 0 and the minimum value of a(b 2 c 2 ) b(c 2 a 2 ) c(a 2 b 2 ) is abc , then the is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 6 (d) 3
x y z
361. If x, y, z are three real numbers of the same sign then the value of lies in the interval
y z x
(a) [2,) (b) [3,) (c) (3, ) (d) (,3 )
362. The sum of the products of the ten numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5 taking two at a time is
(a) 165 (b) – 55 (c) 55 (d) None of these
363. Let S 1 , S 2 ..... be squares such that for each n 1, the length of a side of S n equals the length of a diagonal of S n 1 . If the length of a side of S 1 is
10 cm, then for which of the following values of n is the area of S n less then 1 sq cm [IIT 1999]
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 10
364. Jairam purchased a house in Rs. 15000 and paid Rs. 5000 at once. Rest money he promised to pay in annual installment of Rs. 1000 with 10% per annum
interest. How much money is to be paid by Jairam [UPSEAT 1999]
(a) Rs. 21555 (b) Rs. 20475 (c) Rs. 20500 (d) Rs. 20700
365. The sum of the integers from 1 to 100 which are not divisible by 3 or 5 is [MP PET 2000]
(a) 2489 (b) 4735 (c) 2317 (d) 2632
366. The product of n positive numbers is unity. Their sum is
1
(a) A positive integer (b) Equal to n (c) Divisible by n (d) Never less than n
n
367. If a, b , c, d are positive real numbers such that a b c d 2, then M (a b )(c d ) satisfies the relation [IIT Screening 2000]
(a) 0 M 1 (b) 1 M 2 (c) 2M 3 (d) 3M4
368. The sum of all positive divisors of 960 is [Karnataka CET 2000]
(a) 3048 (b) 3087 (c) 3047 (d) 2180
sin cos
369. 2 2 is greater than [AMU 2000]
1 1
1 1 2
2
(a) (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 2
2
370. If the altitudes of a triangle are in A.P., then the sides of the triangle are in [EAMCET 2002]
(a) A.P. (b) H.P.
(c) G.P. (d) Arithmetico-geometric progression
371. A boy goes to school from his home at a speed of x km/hour and comes back at a speed of y km/hour, then the average speed is given by
(a) A.M. (b) G.M. (c) H.M. (d) None of these
372. A monkey while trying to reach the top of a pole height 12 metres takes every time a jump of 2 metres but slips 1 metre while holding the pole. The
number of jumps required to reach the top of the pole, is
(a) 6 (b) 10 (c) 11 (d) 12
373. Balls are arranged in rows to form an equilateral triangle. The first row consists of one ball, the second row of two balls and so on. If 669 more balls are
added then all the balls can be arranged in the shape of a square and each of the sides then contains 8 balls less than each side of the triangle did. The
initial number of balls is [Roorkee 1985]
(a) 1600 (b) 1500 (c) 1540 (d) 1690
bc ca ab
374. If a, b and c are three positive real numbers, then the minimum value of the expression is
a b c
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6
Progressions 50
Progressions
1 1 1
375. If x 1 0, i 1,2,....., 50 and x 1 x 2 ..... x 50 50 , then the minimum value of ..... equals to
x1 x 2 x 50
(a) 50 (b) (50 ) 2 (c) (50 ) 3 (d) (50 ) 4
1 1 1
376. If a, b and c are positive real numbers, then least value of (a b c) is
a b c
(a) 9 (b) 3 (c) 10/3 (d) None of these
377. In the value of 100 ! the number of zeros at the end is
(a) 11 (b) 22 (c) 23 (d) 24
p
378. If (1 p )(1 3 x 9 x 2 27 x 3 81 x 4 243 x 5 ) 1 p 6 , p 1 then the value of is
x
(a) 1/3 (b) 3 (c) 1/2 (d) 2
100
1 n
379. Let f (n) where[x] denotes the integral part of x. Then the value of
2 100
f (n) is
n 1
(a) 50 (b) 51 (c) 1 (d) None of these
2
380. A r ; r 1, 2,3,....., n are n points on the parabola y 4 x in the first quadrant. If A r (x r , y r ), where x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ,....., x n are in G.P. and
x 1 1, x 2 2, then y n is equal to
n 1 n
(a) 2 2 (b) 2 n 1 (c) ( 2 ) n 1 (d) 22
381. The lengths of three unequal edges of a rectangular solid block are in G.P. The volume of the block is 216 cm 3 and the total surface area is
252 cm 2 . The length of the longest edge is
(a) 12 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 18 cm (d) 3 cm
382. ABC is right-angled triangle in which B 90 and BC a. If n points L1 , L2 ,....., Ln on AB are such that AB is divided in n 1 equal parts and
L1 M1 , L2 M 2 ,....., Ln M n are line segments parallel to BC and M1 , M 2 ,....., M n are on AC then the sum of the lengths of L1 M1 , L2 M 2 ,....., Ln M n is
a(n 1) a(n 1)
(a) (b)
2 2
an
(c) (d) Impossible to find from the given data
2
***
Progressions 51
Progressions
Progressions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
c b b a b b a b b a a c a c a c a c b d
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
c a c,d d d b c b c a b a b d d d d d b a
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
b c b c c b a b d a d b c d d b b c d a
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
d d b b b b a d d b a c c c b c d a e b
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
b a a b c c b d c a a b d c b d a a b d
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
b a a c a a a,d c d b a c b b c c c a c b
121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
c a b a a b b a a a a c b b c c b a d a
141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160
d d d d d c b a,b a d d c c c b d a a d d
161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180
b c a d c c a b c a d a d d c b b c b b
181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200
c c a b c d b c a b a c c b a c a a c b
201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220
a b b d a d c a b b b b a d c a c b c c
221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240
c c b d c c c b b c d b c d d b a a c d
241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260
c b d c c a b c b b c b d b c d a b b a
261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280
a a b c b d d a b c a d c c c d b b a b
281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300
c a,b a d b d a a d d b d a b b c c b a c
301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320
a a a b b b d a c b c a a a c b c a c b
321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340
b c,d c d d a b c c c c c a d a d a b b c
341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360
d b b c a d d a d a b a c c c b b,d a b c
361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380
b b b,c,d c d d a a d b c c c d a a d b b c
381 382
a c
Progressions 52
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