International Journal of Reviews in Computing

© 2009 - 2011 IJRIC& LLS. All rights reserved. IJRIC

ISSN: 2076-3328 [Link] E-ISSN: 2076-3336
 

SIZING OF DG UNIT TO REDUCE LOSSES IN RADIAL

DISTRIBUTION - A CASE STUDY
1
[Link] RAO and 2Prof. [Link] KRISHNA RAO

1
Assoc. Prof., Dept. Of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Raghu Engineering College,
Visakhapatnam, India
2
Dept. Of Electrical Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering, AU, Visakhapatnam, India

E-Mail: balasanisrao@[Link] , gvskrishna_rao@[Link]

ABSTRACT

Distributed generators are very much beneficial in reducing the losses effectively compared to other
methods of loss reduction .In this paper optimal size of DG unit operated at optimal power factor is dealt.
DG unit placement using fuzzy logic and sizing of DG at any power factor is calculated using analytical
method . Voltage and power loss reduction indices of distribution system nodes are modeled by fuzzy
membership functions. Fuzzy inference system containing a set of rules is used to determine the DG unit
placement. DG units are placed at buses with the highest suitability index. Simulation results show that
optimal DG unit placement and sizing at 0.8 power factor is very efficient. Single DG unit of optimum size
operated at 0.8 power factor is sufficient in reducing losses and improving voltage regulation effectively
within the specified voltage constraints.

KEYWORDS: DISTRIBUTED GENERATION (DG)UNIT, ,POWER LOSS, LOSS REDUCTION,

VOLTAGE REGULATION,

ACRONYMS
I --- Branch Current KVA-Kilo volt Ampere
Ia --- Active part of branch current KW - Kilo Watts
I r --- Reactive Part of branch Current K Var-Kilo Volt ampere reactive
R --- Resistance of the branch
X --- Reactance of the branch
PL --- Total Power Loss
V --- Voltage
PL a --- Total Power Loss due to active component Current
PL r --- Total Power Loss due to reactive component Current
TAPLBC --- Total Active Power Loss before Compensation
TRPLBC --- Total Reactive Power Loss before Compensation
TAPLAC --- Total Active Power Loss after Compensation
TRPLAC --- Total Reactive Power Loss after Compensation
APLR --- Active Power Loss Reduction
RPLR --- Reactive Power Loss Reduction
%APLR ---Percentage Active Power Loss Reduction
%RPLR ---Percentage Reactive Power Loss Reduction
VRBC ---Voltage Range before Compensation P.U
VRAC ---Voltage Range after Compensation P.U
VBC AT CB ---Voltage before Compensation at the Compensated Bus
VAC AT CB ---Voltage after Compensation at the Compensated Bus
%VI --- Percentage Voltage Improvement

 
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 International Journal of Reviews in Computing
© 2009 - 2011 IJRIC& LLS. All rights reserved. IJRIC
ISSN: 2076-3328 [Link] E-ISSN: 2076-3336
 
1. INTRODUCTION 3. DG UNIT

Distribution system provides a 3.1 DG UNIT INSTALLATION

final link between the high voltage transmission
system and the consumers. A radial distribution The problem of DG unit
system has main feeders and lateral distributors. placement consists of determining the locations
The main feeder originates from substation and and sizes and number of DG units to install in a
passes through different consumer loads. Laterals distribution system such that maximum benefits
are connected to individual loads. Generally are achieved while operational constraints at
radial distribution systems are used because of different loading levels are satisfied.
their simplicity. Power losses in a distribution
system are high because of low voltage and hence Distribution losses:
high current. There are many methods of loss
reduction techniques used like Feeder The total power loss in a distribution system
reconfiguration, capacitor placement, high voltage having a ‘n’ number of branches is given by
distribution system, conductor grading and DG P = ∑ Ii2Ri (1)
unit placement. All these methods are involved Ii is the current magnitude and Ri is the
with passive elements except DG unit placement resistance. Ii can be obtained from load flow
.Both DG Units and capacitors reduce power loss study. The branch current has two components
and improve voltage regulation. The over all .active (Ia) and reactive (Ir).
efficiency can be improved using DG units. The loss associated with these two components
Earlier studies show that with capacitors [1]-[3] can be written as
loss reduction is possible. Recently attention P=PLa+PLr
shifted to DG units which can be used for loss
reduction and also in improving voltage profile of P=∑ Iai2Ri + ∑ Iri2Ri (2)
the system [18]-[20]. For a given configuration of a single source radial
network the loss PLa associated with the active
2. METHODS OF REDUCING LOSS component of branch currents cannot be
USINGDG UNIT minimized because all the active power must be
supplied by the source at the root bus. This is not
Many methods have come in true if DG units are to be placed at different nodes
recent times on DG unit placement. [18] Proposed for loss reduction that is real power can be
a method to calculate the size of DG Units supplied locally by using DG units of optimal size
analytically by using exact loss formula which to minimize PLa associated with the active
requires lot of computation compared to the component of branch currents [19].
proposed analytical method. Many authors like
[15] mentioned the allocation of DG units using 3.2 PLACEMENT OF DG UNITS AT
Genetic algorithm. They have not considered the OPTIMUM LOCATIONS USING FUZZY
optimum size; they have addressed the problem in LOGIC
terms of cost. [7] They have iteratively increased
size of the DG at all buses and then they There are many uncertainties in
calculated the losses, based on loss calculation various power system problems .Because of this it
they ranked the nodes. Top ranked units are becomes very difficult to stick to mathematical
selected for DG unit placement. Here optimum formulae alone. To over come this, fuzzy set
sizes of the DG units are calculated using a new theory has been applied to many power system
analytical method. A new of method of problems. Using fuzzy expert system a set of
minimizing the loss associated with the absolute heuristic rules is used to determine the DG unit
value of branch currents by placing optimal DG placement suitability index at each node in the
units operated at any power factor at proper distribution system .Rules are defined to
locations. Here cost function is not considered. determine the suitability of a node for DG unit
Considering the cost function involves the installation. Those rules are expressed in the
deviation of exact size of the DG unit at suitable following form. IF premise (antecedent), THEN
point. conclusion (consequent). For determining the
suitability of Dg unit placement at a particular
node, a set of multiple antecedent fuzzy rules has

 
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 International Journal of Reviews in Computing
© 2009 - 2011 IJRIC& LLS. All rights reserved. IJRIC
ISSN: 2076-3328 [Link] E-ISSN: 2076-3336
 
been established. The inputs to the rules are the load flow solution. The loss PLacom is associated
voltage and power loss indices. The fuzzy with the active component of branch currents in
variables, power loss index, voltage and DG unit the compensated system.
suitability are described by the fuzzy terms high, For a DG unit (upf) placed at node ‘k’, the system
high-medium/ normal, low medium/ normal or losses are
low. These fuzzy variables are described by Pcom =∑ Iai+DiIDG)2Ri+∑ 2
ai Ri + ∑
2
ri Ri
membership functions. DG units are placed at the (4)
nodes with the highest suitability. Voltage and
power loss reduction indices of distribution IDG is the DG unit current
system are modeled by fuzzy member ship Subtracting Eqn. (4) from Eqn. (2), loss reduction
functions. FIS editor receives inputs from the load due to the introduction of DG unit at node ‘k’ is
flow program. Several rules may fire with some obtained.
degree of membership. FIS is based on Mamdani ∆Pk= -2IDG∑ 2
i Iai Ri – I DG∑ i Ri (5)
max - min and max-prod implication methods of
inference. These methods determine the Assuming no significant change in the node
aggregated output from the set of triggered rules. voltage after placing the DG unit Power that can
The max-min method involves truncating the be generated at upf is
consequent membership function of each fired PDG=IDGVk (6)
rule at the minimum membership value of all the
antecedents. A final aggregated membership The idea is to place a DG unit (upf) with a size
function is achieved by taking the union of all the and at a location such that the system loss
truncated consequent membership functions of reduction is maximized using Eqn. (5). For
the fired rules. For the DG unit placement system loss reduction to be maximum the DG unit
problem, the resulting DG unit suitability is to be placed at node ‘k’,
membership function µd of node i for k fired rules ∂Pk / ∂IDG =0 (7)
are given by Μd(i)max[min[µp(i), µv(i)]] where
µp(i) and µv(i) are the membership functions of IDG= - ∑ iIaiRi / ∑ iRi (8)
the power loss index and voltage respectively. =∑ aiRi / ∑ i
After calculating the suitability membership
function, it is to be defuzzified in order to Substituting Eqn. (8) in Eqn. (6)
determine the node suitability ranking. The The expression for maximum loss reduction is
2
centroid method of defuzzification is used. ∆Pmax= (∑ iIaiRi) / ∑ iRi (9)

4. DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM SIZES It is noted that the loss reduction is always

OF THE DG UNITS positive.

Size of the DG unit purely operated at upf Size of the DG unit operated at any power
factor
Considering a single source
distribution system with ‘n’ branches .Let a DG With the introduction of DG unit ‘at any power
be placed at bus ‘m’ and ‘β’ be a set of branches factor’
connected between the source and DG unit buses. Pcom =∑ Ii+DiIDG)2Ri+ ∑ 2
i Ri (10)
If the DG unit is placed bus ‘x’ the ‘β’ consists of
branches x1, x2, xn. The DG unit supplies real Subtracting eqn. (10) from (2)
component of current Ia and for radial network it ∆Pk= -2IDG∑ 2
iIiRi – I DG∑ iRi (11)
changes only the active component of current of ∂Pk / ∂IDG =0 (12)
branch set ‘β’. The current of other branches is SDG=IDGVk (13)
not affected by the DG [Link] new active
IDG= - ∑ i Ii Ri / ∑ i Ri (14)
component of current
Iainew = Iai + DiIDG (3)
The expression for maximum loss reduction is
2
Di = 1 if branch I ε β ∆Smax= (∑ i Ii Ri) / ∑ i Ri (15)
= 0 otherwise.
Iai is the active component of current of i th
branch in the original system obtained from the

 
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 International Journal of Reviews in Computing
© 2009 - 2011 IJRIC& LLS. All rights reserved. IJRIC
ISSN: 2076-3328 [Link] E-ISSN: 2076-3336
 
The process can be repeated for all the buses to provides the optimal DG sizes and
get the highest possible loss saving for a singly locations for a given load level for DG
located DG unit. operated purely at upf and DG operated
5. RADIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM at any pf.

5.1 RADIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOAD 6. SIMULATION RESULTS

FLOW ANALYSIS
The proposed method of loss
Conventional load flow studies reduction by DG unit placement was tested on a
like Gauss-seidal and fast decoupled load flow Distribution system consisting of 33 buses. The
and Newton raphson methods are not suitable for single line diagram is shown in Fig.1.
distribution system load flows because of high
R/X ratio. A new radial load flow method for
distribution systems that offers better solution
was proposed in [4]. The main features of this
method are
1) The initial voltage at all nodes is
assumed to be the voltage specified at
the source node.
2) No complicated calculations are
involved.
3) Loads are represented by constant
power.
4) Convergence is obtained by, even for ill
conditioned system.
Fig. 1 Single line diagram of IEEE 33-Bus Test System
5.2. SIMULATION ALGORITHM
Optimal sizes of DG units are calculated at each
and every bus for case1 with DG at upf and case2
There are many computational
with DG at any pf. optimal location is obtained
steps involved in finding the optimal DG size and
using FIS editor. DG unit suitability index greater
location to minimize losses in a radial distribution
than 0.75 are selected to place the DG unit. From
system. These are
FIS editor it is found that 26th and 31st buses are
1) Run the load flow program. Select the
the suitable nodes. The ranges of power loss
bus where the maximum loss and low
indices and voltage are shown in Table–1. DG
voltage is using fuzzy logic tool box.
unit suitability membership function details are
Corresponding DG size is calculated
given in Table – 2.
using eqn. (6) and eqn. (13) for DG
operated at upf and DG operated at any
Table-1. Power loss indices and voltage
power factor respectively. Repeat this for
membership functions.
all the buses except the source bus.
Identify the bus using the fuzzy logic
that provides highest loss saving. Descript Lo Low - Medi High Hi
2) Compensate the bus with the highest loss ion of w Medi um - gh
with the corresponding DG unit found thevaria um Medi
from eqn. (6) and eqn. (13) respectively. bles um
3) Repeat the steps 1 and 2 to get the next Power < 0 - 0.5 0.25 - 0.5 - 1 0.7
DG size and hence sequence of buses to loss 0.2 0.75 5-
be compensated. indices 5 1.2
4) Once the sequence of buses is known, 5
determine the optimum DG unit sizes Voltage < 0.93 - 0.96 - 1.03 - 1.0
and the corresponding loss saving. Since 0.9 0.965 1.04 1.07 6-
the system load is time variant and load 4 1.2
duration curve of the system can be
approximated .It is assumed that load
level is constant. The above algorithm

 
59
 International Journal of Reviews in Computing
© 2009 - 2011 IJRIC& LLS. All rights reserved. IJRIC
ISSN: 2076-3328 [Link] E-ISSN: 2076-3336
 
Table-2 DG Unit Suitability index membership
function.
Descript Lo Low - Medi High - Hig
ion of w Medi um Medi h
the um um
variable
s
DSI < 0 - 0.5 0.25 - 0.5 - 1 ≥
0.2 0.75 0.7
5 5

With the help of FIS editor optimal location of the

DG unit is found where real power loss is more
and voltage is low. Using analytical method the
sizes of the DG unit are obtained and placed at Fig. 4 Variation of total losses with power factor
optimal location, power loss and voltage
Table – 3 Power loss with DG unit placement ‘at upf’
improvement is observed. The optimal sizes of
using Analytical method
DG units at upf and DG units at any pf are shown
in Fig. 2 and 3 respectively. The total loss DG TA TR TA TR A RP
reduction is minimum at 0.8 power factor. This Bus Un PL PL PL PL PL L
can be observed from Fig. [Link] results are Nu it BC AC AC AC R R
tabulated for both the cases in Tables 3 and 4. mbe Siz kW kV kW kVA kW kV
rs e AR R A
4500  kW R
  26 23 28 19 15 711 13 83.
4000 
 
95. 9.5 4.2 4.1 0.28 5.3 17
3500  6 5 5 9 5
  31 12 28 19 18 130. 10 63.
3000  90. 9.5 4.2 5.9 744 3.5 50
  5 5 5 6 7 9
2500 
 
2000  Table - 4 Power loss with DG unit placement ‘at 0.8 pf’
  using Analytical method
1500  Bus D TA TR TA TR AP RP
Nu G P PL PL PL LR LR
mbe U LB AC AC AC kW kV
0      5     10    15    20    25    30     
r nit C kV kW kV AR
Si kW AR AR
Fig. 2 DG unit sizes purely at upf for 33 bus system ze
5000  s
 
k
4500 
  V
4000  A
  26 29 28 19 89.5 69. 200 12
3500  08 9.5 4.2 047 63 4.6
  5 5 2
3000 
  31 15 28 19 126. 93. 162 10
2500  78 9.5 4.2 892 311 .65 0.9
  5 5 7 6 7 3
2000 
 
1500 
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Fig. 3 DG unit sizes operated at any pf for 33 bus system

 
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 International Journal of Reviews in Computing
© 2009 - 2011 IJRIC& LLS. All rights reserved. IJRIC
ISSN: 2076-3328 [Link] E-ISSN: 2076-3336
 
Table – 5 Summary of the Results using Analytical [3]. [Link], “Capacitor placement in radial
Method – 33 bus Test System distribution systems for loss reduction”,
with DG ‘at upf’ with DG at 0.8 pf IEEE Proc - Gener. ransm. Distrib.,
B D %A %R % D %A %R % vol.146,pp.501-505,1999
u G PL PL V G PL PL VI
s Un R R I U R R [4]. [Link] and [Link] , “Method for loadflow
N it ni solution of radial distribution Networks”,
o Siz t IEE Proc.- Gener. ransm. Distrib. vol. 146,
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ze
s [5]. [Link], [Link] and [Link],
2 23 46. 42. 5. 2 69. 64. 7.7 “Classification capacitor allocation
6 95. 74 81 4 9 07 15 4 techniques”, IEEE Transactions on Power
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3 12 35. 32. 7. 1 56. 51. 11. [6]. [Link], [Link] and [Link],
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[7]. Griffin. T, Tomsovic, K, Secrest, D and Law,
– 5 one can conclude that there is very good
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DG operated at 0.8pf.
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7. CONCLUSIONS
1454, 2000
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the performance of the system. At 26th bus active “Interaction between Distributed Generation
power loss reduction is 69% at 0.8 pf compared to and the Distribution Network: Operation
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distributed generation allocation in MV
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