`Electricity Class 10th
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`Electricity Class 10th
Electricity
Electric Current
● Electric current is expressed as the amount of charge flowing through a
particular area in unit time.
● Quantitatively, electric current is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge.
𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 (𝐐)
Current, I = 𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐧 (𝐭)
● The S.I. unit of current is ampere (A), where 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second.
● 1 mA = 10−3 A, 1 μ A = 10−6 A
● The conventional direction of electric current is the one in which positive
charges move orderly.
Electric Potential Different
● Electric potential difference (pd) between two points in an electric circuit,
carrying some current, is the amount of work done to move a unit charge from
one point to another.
𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐝𝐨𝐧𝐞 (𝐖)
Potential difference, pd =
𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐝 (𝐐)
● The S.I. unit of pd is volt (V), where 1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb.
Electric Circuit
● A continuous conducting path between the terminals of a source of electricity is
called an electric circuit.
● A drawing showing the way various electric devices are connected in a circuit is
called a circuit diagram.
● Some commonly used circuit elements are given below:
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`Electricity Class 10th
Sr. No. Element Symbo
l
1 An electric cell
2 A battery
3 Plug key or switch (open)
4 Plug key or switch (closed)
5 A wire joint
6 Wires crossing without
joining
7 Bulb
8 Resistor
9 Variable resistor or Rheostat
10 Ammeter
11 Voltmeter
Ohm’s law
● According to Ohm’s law, the current (I) flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference (V) across its ends, provided its physical
conditions remain the same.
VI
V/ I = Constant V/ I = R
V = IR
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`Electricity Class 10th
where R is a constant of proportionality called resistance of the conductor.
● Resistance is the property of a conductor to resist the flow of charges through
it.
● The S.I. unit of resistance is ohm ( Ω ).
𝐕
From R = , 1 ohm = 1 volt/ampere
𝐈
Resistivity
● The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to its length (l) and
inversely proportional to its area of cross section (A).
R l/ A R = ρ l/A
where ρ is a constant of proportionality called specific resistance or resistivity
of the material of the conductor.
● The S.I. unit of resistivity is ohm metre (Ωm).
Combination of Resistances
Resistances in Series
● The current flowing through each resistance is the same.
● The potential difference across the ends of the series combination is distributed
across the resistances.
● The equivalent resistance (Rs) of a series combination containing resistances R1,
R2, R3... is
Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...
● The equivalent resistance is greater than the greatest resistance in the
combination.
Resistances in Parallel
● The potential difference across each resistance is the same and is equal to the
potential difference across the combination.
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`Electricity Class 10th
● The main current divides itself, and a different current flows through each
resistance.
● The equivalent resistance (Rp) of a parallel combination containing resistances
R1, R2, R3... is given by
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + +
𝐑𝐛 𝐑𝟏 𝐑𝟐 𝐑𝟑
● The equivalent resistance is lesser than the least of all the resistances in the
combination
Heating Effect of Electric Current
● The effect of electric current due to which heat is produced in a conductor, when
current passes through it, is called the heating effect of electric current.
● The total work (W) done by the current in an electric circuit is called electric
energy and is given as
W = VIt = I²Rt W = V² t /R
This energy is exhibited as heat. Thus, we have H VIt I2Rt.
This is called Joule’s Law of Heating, which states that the heat produced in a
resistor is directly proportional to the
○ Square of the current in the resistor
○ Resistance of the resistor
○ Time for which the current flows through the resistance
Practical Applications of the Heating Effects of Electric Current
● Electrical appliances like laundry iron, toaster, oven, kettle and heater are some
devices based on Joule’s Law of Heating.
● The concept of electric heating is also used to produce light, as in an electric
bulb.
● Another application of Joule’s Law of Heating is the fuse used in electric
circuits.
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`Electricity Class 10th
Electric Power
● Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy is produced or consumed in
an electric circuit
P = VI = I²R
P = V²/R
● The S.I. unit of power is watt (W).
● One watt of power is consumed when 1 A of current flows at a potential
difference of 1 V. The commercial unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour (kWh),
commonly known as a unit. 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ
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`Electricity Class 10th
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