Title: Matrices
Chapter: Matrices
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Worksheet Compiled By: Prashant Jain (PJ Sir)
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Cofactor matrix & adjoint matrix : Let A = [aij]n be a square matrix. The matrix obtained by replacing each
element of A by corresponding cofactor is called as cofactor matrix of A, denoted as cofactor A. The
transpose of cofactor matrix of A is called as adjoint of A, denoted as adj A.
i.e. if A = [aij]n
then cofactor A = [cij]n when cij is the cofactor of aij i & j.
Adj A = [dij]n where dij = cji i & j.
Properties of cofactor A and adj A :
(a) A . adj A = |A| n = (adj A) A where A = [aij]n.
(b) |adj A| = |A|n – 1, where n is order of A. In particular, for 3 × 3 matrix, |adj A| = |A|2
(c) If A is a symmetric matrix, then adj A are also symmetric matrices.
(d) If A is singular, then adj A is also singular.
Example # 11 : For a 3×3 skew-symmetric matrix A, show that adj A is a symmetric matrix.
0 a b c 2 −bc ca
−a 0 c
Solution : A= cof A = −bc b2 −ab
−b −c 0 ca −ab a2
c 2 −bc ca
adj A = (cof A) = −bc b2 −ab which is symmetric.
ca −ab a2
Inverse of a matrix (reciprocal matrix) :
1
Let A be a non-singular matrix. Then the matrix adj A is the multiplicative inverse of A (we call it inverse of
|A|
A) and is denoted by A–1. We have A (adj A) = |A| n = (adj A) A
1 1
A adj A = n = adj A A, for A is non-singular
| A | | A |
1
A–1 = adj A.
|A|
Remarks :
1. The necessary and sufficient condition for existence of inverse of A is that A is non-singular.
2. A–1 is always non-singular.
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3. If A = dia (a11, a22, ....., ann) where aii 0 i, then A–1 = diag (a11– 1, a22–1, ...., ann–1).
4. (A–1) = (A)–1 for any non-singular matrix A. Also adj (A) = (adj A).
5. (A–1)–1 = A if A is non-singular.
1 –1
6. Let k be a non-zero scalar & A be a non-singular matrix. Then (kA)–1 = A .
k
1
7. |A–1| = for |A| 0.
|A|
8. Let A be a non-singular matrix. Then AB = AC B = C & BA = CA B= C.
9. A is non-singular and symmetric A–1 is symmetric.
10. (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1 if A and B are non- singular.
11. In general AB = 0 does not imply A = 0 or B = 0. But if A is non-singular and AB = 0, then B = 0. Similarly
B is non-singular and AB = 0 A = 0. Therefore, AB = 0 either both are singular or one of them is 0.
1 3 3
Example # 12 : If A = 1 4 3 , then verify that A adj A = | A | . Also find A–1
1 3 4
Solution : We have | A | = 1 (16 – 9) – 3 (4 – 3) + 3 (3 – 4) = 1 0
Now C11 = 7, C12 = – 1, C13 = – 1, C21 = – 3, C22 = 1, C23 = 0,C31 = – 3, C32 = 0, C33 = 1
7 –3 –3
0
Therefore adj A = –1 1
–1 0 1
1 3 3 7 –3 –3 7 – 3 – 3 –3 + 3 + 0 –3 + 0 + 3
1 4 3 –1 1 0 = 7 – 4 – 3 –3 + 4 + 0 –3 + 0 + 3
Now A(adj A) =
1 3 4 –1 0 1 7 – 3 – 4 –3 + 3 + 0 –3 + 0 + 4
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 = (1) 0 1 0 = |A|. I
= 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
7 –3 –3 7 –3 –3
1
0 = –1 1 0
1
Also A–1 = adj A = –1 1
|A| 1
–1 0 1 –1 0 1
2 3
satisfies the equation A – 4A + I = O, where I is 2 × 2 identity
Example # 13 : Show that the matrix A = 2
1 2
matrix and O is 2 × 2 zero matrix. Using the equation, find A–1 .
2 3 2 3 7 12
Solution : We have A2 = A.A = =
1 2 1 2 4 7
7 12 8 12 1 0 0 0
Hence A2 – 4A + I = – 4 8 + 0 1 = 0 0 = 0
4 7
Now A2 – 4A + I = 0
Therefore A A – 4A = – I
or AA(A–1) – 4 A A–1 = – I A–1 (Post multiplying by A–1 because |A| 0)
or A (A A–1) – 4I = – A–1 or AI – 4I = – A–1
4 0 2 3 2 –3
or A–1 = 4I – A = – =
0 4 1 2 –1 2
2 –3
Hence A–1 =
–1 2
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Example # 14 : For two non-singular matrices A & B, show that adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
Solution : We have (AB) (adj (AB)) = |AB| n
= |A| |B| n
A–1 (AB)(adj (AB)) = |A| |B| A–1
1
B adj (AB) = |B| adj A ( A–1 = adj A)
|A|
B–1 B adj (AB) = |B| B–1 adj A
adj (AB) = (adjB) (adj A)
Self practice problems :
(9) If A is non-singular, show that adj (adj A) = |A|n – 2 A.
(10) Prove that adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1.
For any square matrix A, show that |adj (adj A) | = | A |(n −1) .
2
(11)
(12) If A and B are non-singular matrices, show that (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1.
Elementary row transformation of matrix :
The following operations on a matrix are called as elementary row transformations.
(a) Interchanging two rows.
(b) Multiplications of all the elements of row by a nonzero scalar.
(c) Addition of constant multiple of a row to another row.
Note : Similar to above we have elementary column transformations also.
Remarks : Two matrices A & B are said to be equivalent if one is obtained from other using elementary
transformations. We write A B.
Finding inverse using Elementry operations
(i) Using row transformations :
If A is a matrix such that A–1 exists, then to find A–1 using elementary row operations,
Step I : Write A = IA and
Step II : Apply a sequence of row operation on A = IA till we get, I = BA.
The matrix B will be inverse of A.
Note : In order to apply a sequence of elementary row operations on the matrix equation X = AB, we will
apply these row operations simultaneously on X and on the first matrix A of the product AB on RHS.
(ii) Using column transformations :
If A is a matrix such that A–1 exists, then to find A–1 using elementary column operations,
Step I : Write A = AI and
Step II : Apply a sequence of column operations on A = AI till we get, I = AB.
The matrix B will be inverse of A.
Note : In order to apply a sequence of elementary column operations on the matrix equation X = AB, we
will apply these row operations simultaneously on X and on the second matrix B of the product AB on
RHS.
0 1 2
Example # 15 : Obtain the inverse of the matrix A = 1 2 3 using elementary operations.
3 1 1
0 1 2 1 0 0
1 2 3
Solution : Write A = IA, i.e. , = 0 1 0 A
3 1 1 0 0 1
1 2 3 0 1 0
0 1 2 = 1 0 0 A
or (applying R1 R2)
3 1 1 0 0 1
1 2 3 0 1 0
0 1 2 = 1
0 0 A (applying R3 → R3 – 3R1)
or
0 –5 –8 0 –3 1
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1 0 –1 –2 1 0
0 1 2 = 1
0 0 A (applying R1 → R1 – 2R2)
or
0 –5 –8 0 –3 1
1 0 –1 –2 1 0
0 1 2 0 A (applying R3 → R3 + 5R2)
or = 1 0
0 0 2 5 –3 1
–2 1 0
1 0 –1
0 1 2
=A 1 0 A (applying R3 → R3)
1
or 0
2
0 0 1
5 –3 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 – 2 2
1 0 0
0 1 2
or = 1 0 0 A (Applying R1 → R1 + R3)
0 0 1
5 – 3 1
2 2 2
1 –1 1
2 2 2
1 0 0
0 1 0
or = –4 3 –1 A (Applying R2 → R2 – 2R3)
0 0 1
5 –3 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 –2 2
Hence A–1 = –4 3 –1
5 –3 1
2 2 2
System of linear equations & matrices : Consider the system
a11 x1 + a12x2 + .......... + a1nxn = b1
a21x1 + a22 x2 + ..........+ a2n xn = b2
.................................................
am1x1 + am2x2 + ..........+ amnxn = bn.
b1
a11 a12 .......... a1n x1 b
a a22 .......... a 2n x 2
A= & B = ... .
21 2
Let ,X=
..... ..... .......... ..... ....
...
am1 am2 .......... amn x n
bn
Then the above system can be expressed in the matrix form as AX = B.
The system is said to be consistent if it has atleast one solution.
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Exercise – I
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
2 −1 5 2 2 5
1. If A = ,B= ,C= and AB – CD = 0 find D.
3 4 7 4 3 8
2. (i) Prove that (adj adj A) = |A|n–2 A
(ii) Find the value of |adj adj adj A| in terms of |A|
3 −1 1 1 2 −2
−1 3 0 , find (AB)–1
3. If A–1 = −15 6 −5 & B =
5 −2 2 0 −2 1
4. If A is a symmetric and B skew symmetric matrix and (A + B) is non-singular and C = (A + B)–1 (A – B),
then prove that
(i) CT (A + B) C = A + B (ii) CT (A – B) C = A – B
0 1 2 1/ 2 −1/ 2 1/ 2
c , then find values of a & c.
5. If A = 1 2 3 , A – 1 = −4 3
3 a 1 5 / 2 −3 / 2 1/ 2
PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE
1 2
1. If A = , then adj A =
2 1
1 −2 2 1 1 −2 −1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
−2 1 1 1 −2 −1 2 −1
2. Identify statements S1, S2, S3 in order for true(T)/false(F)
cos − sin 0
S1 : If A =, sin cos 0 then adj A = A'
0 0 1
a 0 0 a 0 0
0 b 0
S2 : If A = 0 b 0 , then A−1 =
0 0 c 0 0 c
S3 : If B is a non-singular matrix and A is a square matrix, then det (B–1 AB) = det (A)
(A) TTF (B) FTT (C) TFT (D) TTT
3. If A, B are two n × n non-singular matrices, then
(A) AB is non-singular (B) AB is singular
(C) (AB)–1 = A–1 B–1 (D) (AB)–1 does not exist
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1 2 1 0
4. Let A = and B = and X be a matrix such that A = BX, then X is equal to
3 −5 0 2
1 2 4 1 −2 4 2 4
(A) 3 −5 (B) (C) (D) none of these
2 2 3 5 3 −5
–1 2 –3
3 be a matrix, then (det A) x (adj A– 1) is equal to
5. Let A = –2 0
3 –3 1
–1 2 –3 3 –3 1
3
(A) O3 × 3 (B) 3 (C) –2 0 (D) 3 0 –2
3 –3 1 –1 2 –3
a2 + x 2 ab – cx ac + bx x c –b
–c x
6. STATEMENT-1 : If A = ab + xc b + x bc − ax and B =
2 2
a , then |A| =|B|2.
ac – bx bc + ax c 2 + x 2 b –a x
STATEMENT-2 : If Ac is cofactor matrix of a square matrix A of order n then |Ac| = |A|n–1.
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false
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Answer Key
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
9 −3 5
−191 −110 (n −1)3 −2 1 0
77 (ii) | A | a = 1, c = – 1
44
1. 2. 3. 5.
1 0 2
PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (A) 5. (C) 6. (A)
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