At the end of this week, you will be able to:
▪ Illustrate the tangent line to the graph of a function at a
given point.
▪ Applies the definition of the derivative of a function at a
given number.
▪ Relate the derivative of a function to the slope of the tangent
line.
▪ Apply the differentiation rules in computing the derivative of
an algebraic, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric and
inverse trigonometric functions.
WHAT I
KNOW?
Tangent Line is the straight line that
“just touches” the curve at that point.
SLOPE is the steepness of a line as it
moves from LEFT to RIGHT.
TANGENT
LINE
SECANT LINE
▪ The slope m of the line tangent to the curve
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃[𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 ] is given by the
equation
𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑚 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
provided that the limit exists. This is
commonly called the LIMIT OF THE
DIFFERENCE QUOTIENT.
▪ Find the slope of the tangent line to
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 when 𝑥 = 3
2
▪ Determine the slope of the tangent line
2
to 𝑓 𝑥 = when 𝑥 = 2.
𝑥+3
▪ The derivative of a function f with respect to
x is the function that tells you the slope of
the line tangent to f at any point on its
graph. Thus, provided that this limits exists,
𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑚 = 𝑓 ′ = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
▪ DIFFERENTIATION is the process of
finding the derivative of a function.
▪Evaluate 𝑓 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 + ℎ.
▪Subtract 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ .
▪Divide the difference of 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 𝑏𝑦 ℎ.
▪Take the limit of the quotient as
ℎ 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 0.
▪ Find the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 5.
▪ Determine the derivative of 𝑔 𝑥 =
2
4𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 9.
2
a. Given 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 , find the slope of the
tangent line at the point (-1, -3).
b. Find the slope of the tangent line to the curve
2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2.
𝑥+4
c. Find the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 5
▪ The derivative of a constant function is
0. In symbols, if c is a constant, then
𝑑
𝑐 =0
𝑑𝑥
▪ Find the derivative of the following
functions:
4
1. 𝑦 = −
5
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 100
3. ℎ 𝑥 = 𝜋
▪ If n is any real number, then
𝑑 𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
Note that 𝑥 = 1 because 𝑥 = 1
0
𝑑𝑥
▪Find the derivative of each functions:
6
a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
b) 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 12
1
c) ℎ 𝑡 =
𝑡3
▪If k is any real number constant and f is
a differentiable function of x, then
𝑑 𝑑
𝑘 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
▪Differentiate each function.
5
1. 𝑦 = 4𝑥
3 8
2. 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥
4
1
3. ℎ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 5
▪ Iff and g are two differentiable
functions at x, then
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
▪Find the derivative of each function.
a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 9𝑥 + 2
b) 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1
▪ If f and g are two differentiable functions of x,
then the following rules should be followed:
𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) 2
▪ Find the derivative of the following
functions.
1) 𝑦 = (4 − 2𝑥 3 )(2𝑥 + 𝑥 3 )
2) 𝑓 𝑡 = (𝑡 5 +𝑡)(𝑡 3 − 4𝑡 + 1)
1
3) 𝑔 𝑥 = + 1 (3𝑥 − 1)
𝑥2
▪ Find the derivative of the following functions:
2𝑥 2 +1
a) 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−1
1
b) 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+1
(3𝑥+2)(𝑥 2 −1)
c) 𝑦 =
𝑥+2
▪ If y is a differentiable function of u and u is a
differentiable function of x, then y can be regarded as a
function of x, and that
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
That is, the derivative of y with respect to x is the
derivative of y with respect to u multiplied by the
derivative of u with respect to x.
▪ If 𝑦 = 𝑢 is a differentiable function of
𝑛
u, where u is a differentiable function of
x, then for any real number n,
𝑑 𝑛 𝑛−1 ′
𝑢 = 𝑛𝑢 ∙𝑢
𝑑𝑥
▪ Find the derivative of 𝐺 𝑥 = (4𝑥 + 1) 6
▪ Find the derivative of 𝐹 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 4
▪ Determine the derivative of the following
functions:
• 𝑓 𝑥 = (5𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 )4
3
•𝑔 𝑥 = (2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥)2
▪ Determine the derivative of the following
functions:
2𝑥+1 4
•𝑦 =
3𝑥−1
• 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 3 3𝑥 − 2 4
HIGHER-ORDER
DERIVATIVES
A higher-order derivative refers
to the repeated process of taking
derivatives of derivatives.
EXAMPLES:
Find the first five derivatives of the
following:
𝟒 𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟕
COOL DOWN!
Take a rest from time to time while studying. Grades
are essential, and so is your health.
APPLICATIONS
GALILEO GALILEI
Derived an equation that
leads to the derivation of
the constant value of
acceleration due to gravity.
2
𝑠 𝑡 = 4.9𝑡
′
𝑠 𝑡 = 9.8𝑡
𝑠′′ 𝑡 = 9.8
Acceleration due
to GRAVITY on
Earth 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝒔 𝒕 - POSITION (𝒎)
𝒔′ 𝒕 = 𝒗(𝒕) – VELOCITY (𝒎/𝒔)
𝒔′′ 𝒕 = 𝒗′ 𝒕 = 𝒂(𝒕) – ACCELERATION 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
EXAMPLE
𝒔 𝒕 = 𝒕 𝟑 − 𝟓𝒕 𝟐 + 𝟖𝒕 − 𝟏
What will be the acceleration of the
object after five seconds?
IMPLICIT
DIFFERENTIATION
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
● IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION is the
procedure of differentiating an implicit
equation with respect to the desired
variable x while treating the other
variables as unspecified functions of x.
EXAMPLE:
● 𝑥 3 + 3𝑦 2
𝑑(𝑥 3 ) 𝑑(3𝑦 2 )
● +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑦
● 3𝑥 + 6𝑦
𝑑𝑥
STEPS:
● Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x.
𝑑𝑦
● Combine all terms containing on the left side of the
𝑑𝑥
equation and all the other terms on the right side.
𝑑𝑦
● On the left side of the equation, factor out .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
● Isolate by dividing out the other factor on the left side.
𝑑𝑥
EXAMPLES:
● 𝑦 3 +𝑦− 3𝑥 2 = 2𝑥 + 5
●
2
𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4
DRILLS
THINK-PAIR-SHARE
𝑑𝑦
Directions: Find by
𝑑𝑥
implicit differentiation for
each item.
3 2
1) 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 4𝑦 = 62
2 2
2) 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑥
2 2 3
3) 𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 3𝑦
“Calculus is the outcome of a dramatic
intellectual struggle which has lasted
for twenty-five hundred years.”
— Richard Courant
SOLVING
OPTIMIZATION
PROBLEMS
What is Optimization?
OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS
● In calculus, an optimization problem is a
problem that involves determining optimum
values. Optimum values refer to both maximum
and minimum values or, more specifically, the
relative extreme values of a function.
LET’S TRY TO
SOLVE
OPTIMIZATION
PROBLEMS
GUIDELINES:
• If there’s a picture to draw, then draw it! Don’t
try to envision how things look in your head.
Put a picture down on paper and label it.
• Determine what the variables are and how
they are related.
• Decide what quantity needs to be maximized
or minimized.
GUIDELINES:
• Write an expression for the quantity to be
maximized or minimized in terms of only one
variable.
• Determine the minimum and maximum
allowable value (if any) of the variable you
are using.
• Solve the problem. (Be sure to answer the
question that is asked.
PROBLEM NO. 1
● You have 40 linear feet of fencing with
which to enclose a rectangular space for a
garden. Find the largest area that can be
enclosed with this much fencing and the
dimensions of the corresponding garden.
PROBLEM NO. 2
● The product of two positive numbers is 20.
Find the minimum sum of one of the
numbers and 5 times the other.
