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ͱ Nervous system and special senses Ͳͳ
fibrous connective tissue and elastic fibres into which the free edge forms the hole in the centre, the pupil. The dog has
extrinsic muscles insert. Its function is to protect the delicate a circular pupil while the cat has a vertical slit. Pigmented
internal structures of the eye and to maintain the eye shape. cells in the iris give it a characteristic range of colours. The
The junction between the cornea and sclera is known as the lim- nerve supply to the iris is from the oculomotor nerve (III)
bus. This is the drainage point for the aqueous humour of the and it also receives sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve
anterior chamber of the eye. fibres. The function of the iris is to regulate the amount of
light entering the eye.
Uvea
The uvea, a vascular pigmented layer, is firmly attached to the
sclera at the exit of the optic nerve but is less well attached in Retina
other areas (Fig. 5.14). It is made up of the following parts: The retina is the innermost layer of the eye. Light is focused onto
• Choroid is the darkly pigmented vascular lining of the eye the photoreceptor or light-sensitive cells of the retina by the lens
and information is transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve
which takes up approximately two-thirds of the uvea. It con-
(II). The retina is made of several layers (Fig. 5.16). Light travels
tains the blood vessels supplying all the internal structures of through the outer layers before it stimulates the deeper photore-
the eyeball. The pigmented cells prevent light rays escaping ceptor cells.
through the eyeball.
• Tapetum lucidum is a triangular area of yellow-green iridescent
light-reflecting cells lying dorsal to the point at which the Arteriole
optic nerve leaves the eye (Fig. 5.15). Its function is to reflect
light back to the photoreceptor cells of the retina, making use Tapetum Venule
of low light levels and improving night vision. lucidum
The tapetum lucidum (meaning ‘carpet of light’) is well developed
in carnivores but is also present in most mammals except humans
and pigs. You can most easily see this layer when the headlights
of a car are reflected by the eyes of a cat or a fox in the road. The
inspiration for ‘cats’ eyes’, the structures in the centre of a road, is
the tapetum lucidum!
• Ciliary body is a thickened structure projecting towards the
centre of the eye. It contains smooth muscle fibres – the cili-
ary muscle – that control the thickness and shape of the lens.
Optic disc
• Suspensory ligament is a continuation of the ciliary body form-
ing a circular support around the perimeter of the lens.
Nontapetal fundus
• Iris is an anterior continuation of the ciliary body containing
both radial and circular smooth muscle fibres (Fig. 5.14). Its ǤͱǤͭͱǤ The retina of the canine eye, showing the area of the
tapetum lucidum.
Posterior chamber
Eyelid and eyelashes Ciliary body Retina
Choroid
Limbus
Iris Pigmented layer
Choroid of retina
Fibres to
optic nerve Cone Rod
Conjunctiva
Sclera
Cornea
Pupil
Anterior
chamber Optic nerve Direction
Posterior of light
chamber
Lens
Bipolar Light-
Blind spot or Ganglion nerve cells sensitive cells
Ciliary muscles
Suspensory Vitreous optic disc
Fornix ligament humour Section of the retina
ǤͱǤͭͰǤ Structure of the canine and feline eye. ǤͱǤͭͲǤ Structure of the retina (cross-section).
