MEDICAL SURGICAL PRESENTATION
REFRACTORY ERRORS & BLINDNESS
PRESENTER’S NAME:
ADEBAYO AYANFEOLUWA DEBORAH. 20030020003
ADEBISI ADEOLA 2003002004
ADENIYI OLUWAFOLAHANMI 2003002005
AJAYI AYOOLAMIDE ANDREW 2003002009
ADETOYE OPEYEMI 2003002006
ADETUNMBI TOLUWALASE 2003002007
REFRACTIVE ERRORS
This refers to an optical defect that prevent light from focusing properly on the retina, resulting in
blurred vision.
Main types and symptoms include:
1 Myopia (Nearsightedness)
- Clear vision up close, blurry distance vision
- Squinting to see far objects
- Eye strain, headaches
Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
- Clear distance vision, blurry near vision
- Eye strain with close work
- Headaches, particularly with reading
3. Astigmatism
- Overall blurry/distorted vision at all distances
- Eye strain, headaches
- Difficulty seeing at night
4. Presbyopia
- Age-related difficulty focusing on close objects
- Holding reading material at arm's length
- Eye fatigue with near work
Causes of Refractive Errors:
- Genetics
- Eye shape abnormalities
- Aging (especially for presbyopia)
- Environmental factors (excessive near work)
- Medical conditions (diabetes)
Pathophysiology
Refractive errors occur due to abnormalities in:
Axial Length of the Eye: Variations in eyeball size (too long or too short) alter the focal point.
Corneal Curvature: An overly steep or flat cornea causes light to focus incorrectly.
Lens Shape: Irregularities or age-related changes in lens flexibility impair accommodation.
Refractive Index: Changes in the refractive properties of the eye’s media (cornea, aqueous humor, lens,
and vitreous humor) alter light transmission.
Assessment and Data collection for refractive error:
I. Patient History
i. Symptoms: blurred vision, eye strain, headaches
ii. Medical history: diabetes, hypertension, eye diseases
iii. Lifestyle: occupation, hobbies, reading habits
iv. Family history: refractive errors, eye diseases
II. Visual Acuity Tests
[Link] Chart (distance)
2. LogMAR Chart (near and far)
3. Tumbling E Chart (children/non-readers)
4. Pinhole Test (refractive error assessment)
Additional Assessments
1. Ocular Motility Test (eye movement)
2. Cover-Uncover Test (strabismus/binocular vision)
3. Keratometry (corneal curvature)
4. A-scan Ultrasonography (axial length)
Nursing Process Management for Refractive Errors:
1. Corrective measures (glasses, contact lenses, surgery)
2. Visual aids (magnifying glasses, telescopic lenses)
3. Environmental modifications (improved lighting)
4. Patient education (eye care, refractive error management)
5. Follow-up appointments
Implementation (Interventions)
1. Administer eye examinations
2. Provide corrective measures
3. Educate on proper eye care
4. Demonstrate visual aids
5. Collaborate with healthcare team (ophthalmologists, optometrists)
BLINDNESS
Complete or near-complete loss of vision
Legal blindness: visual acuity of 20/200 or worse with best correction, or visual field of 20 degrees or less
Signs and Symptoms:
- Severe vision loss
- Inability to see shapes/objects
- Light sensitivity or no light perception
- Difficulty with mobility
- Loss of depth perception
- Problems with color vision
- Eye appearance changes (cloudiness, white pupils)
Causes of Blindness:
1. Eye Diseases
- Glaucoma
- Cataracts
- Diabetic retinopathy
- Macular degeneration
- Retinitis pigmentosa
2. Trauma/Injury
- Physical injury to eyes
- Chemical burns
- Head trauma
3. Medical Conditions
- Stroke
- Brain tumors
- Multiple sclerosis
- Diabetes complications
4. Congenital Conditions
- Genetic disorders
- Birth defects
- nfections during pregnancy (rubella)
5. Other Causes
- Malnutrition
- Certain medications
- Advanced age
- Infections (trachoma, onchocerciasis)
Assessment and Data Collection for Blindness:
Patient History:
1. Medical history (diabetes, hypertension, etc.)
2. Family history (hereditary eye diseases)
3. Symptoms (vision loss, eye pain, etc.)
4. Lifestyle (occupation, daily activities)
Data Collection Methods:
1. Patient interviews
2. Medical records review
3. Visual acuity charts
4. Visual field charts
5. Ocular examination reports
Nursing Management Process for Blindness: Nursing Diagnosis
1. Impaired visual perception
2. Risk for falls related to impaired vision
3. Anxiety related to vision loss
4. Deficient knowledge regarding blindness management
5. Altered self-concept related to vision loss
Planning (Care Plan)
1. Rehabilitation goals (independence, mobility, daily living skills)
2. Referral to specialists (ophthalmology, optometry, rehabilitation)
3. Assistive technology and devices
4. Orientation and mobility training
5. Emotional support and counseling
Implementation (Interventions)
1. Visual aids instruction (magnifying glasses, telescopic lenses)
2. Mobility training (white cane, guide dog)
3. Daily living skills training (ADLs, IADLs)
4. Emotional support and counseling
5. Collaboration with healthcare team (rehabilitation specialists, social workers)
Evaluation (Outcomes)
Improved mobility and independence
2. Enhanced daily living skills
3. Increased patient satisfaction
4. Reduced risk for falls
5. Improved emotional well-being.
THANK YOUU!
