077 Basic Electronics Engineering
Experiment - 2
INTRODUCTION TO BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR
2.1 OBJECTIVES
To understand and investigate a transistor as a switch
To understand and investigate a transistor as a logic inverter
To understand and investigate the behavior of common emitter amplifier
2.2 EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS REQUIRED
1. DC power supply (5 V) 1 6. Capacitor 10 μF 2
2. Multimeter 1 7. Capacitor 470 μF 1
3. Oscilloscope 1 8. Resistors (¼ watt or above) 1 each
4. NPN transistor (SL100) 1
470 Ω, 1 kΩ,10 kΩ, 33 kΩ, 47 kΩ
5. Light emitting diode 1
9. Connecting leads
2.3 THEORY
Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a three terminal semiconductor device in which voltage between
two terminals controls the current flowing in the third terminal. BJT is made of three alternate
layers of p and n type semiconductor forming two pn junctions. From the physical structure, BJTs
can be divided into two groups: npn transistors (p region is sandwiched between two n regions)
and pnp transistors (n region is sandwiched between two p regions).
The three-regions are called emitter, base and collector region and corresponding terminals are
called emitter (E), base (B) and collector (C) respectively. The two junctions of BJT are emitter-
base junction (EBJ) and collector-base junction (CBJ).
2.3.1 BJT mode of operation
BJT can operate in different modes depending on the junction bias condition (forward or reverse).
Mode EBJ CBJ Remark
Cutoff Reverse Reverse Switching applications
Active Forward Reverse Amplifier circuits
Saturation Forward Forward Switching applications
2.3.2 Circuit symbols, voltage polarities and current flow
VCB IC IE
VEB
IB IB
VBE IE VBC IC
In transistor symbol, the arrow indicates emitter terminal and it always points to n-type material.
The arrow also indicates the direction of emitter current flow.
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In transistor, IE IB IC
Common base current gain iC iE (<1)
Common emitter current gain iC iB (typically 50-200, but can be as high as 1000)
2.3.3 BJT configuration
There are three types of BJT configuration based on the common terminal used in the circuit.
CB configuration CE configuration CC configuration
iE iC iC iE
vBE vCB iB iB
VCC VEE
vCE vCE
iB vBE VBB vCB
VBB iE iC
VEE VCC
2.3.4 BJT biasing
The purpose of biasing is to set the operating point. Different types of biasing methods are:
VCC VCC VCC VCC
RB RC IC RB RC IC
RC IC I B R1 RC IC
IB IB IB
VCE VCE I I
RB
VBE VBE B C
RE IE R2 IE
VBE IE RE
Figure 3-2 Emitter feedback Figure 3-3 Collector Figure 3-4 Voltage divider
Figure 3-1 Fixed bias feedback bias
bias bias
2.3.5 Transistor as a switch
When a transistor is used as a switch, it is biased such that it operates either in cutoff or saturation.
VCC iC
RC IC VCC
RC
IB
VCE
VI RB
VCC vCE
Figure 3-5 Transistor switch Figure 3-6 Load line showing saturation and cut off point
When the input is low, the transistor operates in cut off mode.
IB 0, IC 0, VO VC VCC Rcutoff VCC IC transistor acts as an open switch
When the input is high, the transistor is on and operates at saturation point.
VC VCE = 0.2 V 0 , I V R ; R V I 0 transistor acts as a closed switch.
Csat CC C sat CEsat Csat
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2.3.6 Single staged BJT amplifier
VCC Here, R1 , R2 , RC , RE form voltage divider biasing.
R RC C C1 , C2 is coupling capacitor. Coupling capacitor
1 2
C1 vo passes an ac signal from one point to another.
CE is bypass capacitor emitter is at ac ground.
vin R2 Bypass capacitor couples an ungrounded point to
RE CE
grounded point. It makes a point an ac ground
point.
Figure 3-7 Single staged BJT amplifier
In CE amplifier, a small sine wave is coupled into the base producing variation in base current. The
collector current IC IB is an amplified sine wave of same frequency. This sinusoidal IC flows
through R C . The output taken at collector terminal is an amplified voltage that is 180○ out of phase
with input. The voltage gain is given by
Vo p-p
Av
Vin p-p
Phase inversion: during positive half cycle of input voltage, iB iC . This produces large voltage
drop across RC and the collector voltage vC VCC iC RC reduces we get first negative half cycle
of output voltage. Conversely, on negative half cycle, iB iC vR C vC we get positive half
cycle.
Thus, the ac output voltage is inverted with respect to ac input voltage.
2.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND OBSERVATION TABLE
A. Transistor as Switch
5 V Observations:
470 S.N. Switch LED Transistor mode
1 ON
BC 107 2 OFF
10 k
Mention the type of bias
Mention the type of configuration
Figure 3-8 Transistor switch
B. Transistor as a logic inverter
5 V Observations:
1 k S.N. Switch Vout Transistor mode
1 ON
BC107 470
10 k 2 OFF
Explain the circuit as inverter (NOT) gate
Figure 3-9 BJT logic inverter
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2.5 DISCUSSION
2.6 CONCLUSION
Experiment - 3
FAMILIARIZATION WITH LOGIC GATES
3.1 OBJECTIVES
To investigate the operation of two input gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR)
3.2 EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS REQUIRED
1. Quad two input AND gate IC 1
2. Quad two input OR gate IC 1
3. Hex inverter IC 1
4. Quad two input NAND gate IC 1
5. Quad two input NOR gate IC 1
6. Quad two input XOR gate IC 1
7. LED module
8. Connecting leads
3.3 THEORY
Logic gates constitute the foundation blocks for digital logic. They are used to perform logical
operation with one or more input signals but only one input. They are categorized as:
a. Basic gates: gates that is sufficient for building any Boolean functions. AND, OR,
NOT gates.
b. Derive gate: the gates that can be realized by using basic gates. NAND, NOR, XOR, Ex-NOR.
Truth table is a table that shows all the input-output possibilities of a logic circuit.
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3.4 OBSERVATION TABLE
3.5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
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