Abstract

We are currently experiencing difficulties due to a lack of fuel. As a result, we are

heading towards electric vehicles. However, many are still hesitant to choose electric
vehicles over present vehicles. It's due to a combination of high prices and a scarcity of
charging outlets. Even if there are only a few charging stations accessible, extra time is
required to charge the vehicle. Furthermore, in today's cities, car parking has become a
serious concern. As a result, by considering these challenges, we can give smart parking
with charging options to the majority of business buildings. This will reduce the time spent
looking for a parking spot. Furthermore, there is no need to spend additional time looking
for a charging station or charging at home. The wireless power transfer technology for EVs
and charging systems with IoT is described in this study. In this study, reviews of IoT-
based smart parking systems that have been implemented are examined, and a
comparison between a combined parking and charging system and a separate parking
and charging system is made.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

i
Chapter
ABSTRAC
T
TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3
3 AIM AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION

3.1 SCOPE OF PROJECT 5

3.2 EXISTING SYSTEM 5

3.3 DRAWBACKS 6

3.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM 6

3.5 ADVANTAGES 7

3.6 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROJECT 17

3.7 HARDWARE USED 18

3.8 SOFTWARE USED 19

3.9 LDR SENSOR

3.10 ESP8266

3.11 ARDUINO UNO

3.12 MOTOR DRIVE

3.13 DC MOTOR WITH WHEELS

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS, PERFORMANCE

4 ANALYSIS

4.1 HARDWARE RESULTS 22

4.2 SOFTWARE RESULTS 25

5 CONCLUSION

ii
5.1 APPLICATIONS 27
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE 28
6 REFERENCES 29

LIST OF FIGURES

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROTOTYPE

iii
4.2 LDR SENSOR
4.3 ESP8266 WI-FI CHIP
4.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE PROTOTYPE
4.5 LAYOUT OF MOTOR DRIVE

iv
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Introduction
We are all aware that the world is moving toward automation as new technologies
emerge, and that the world is becoming smarter. As a result, the requirements of this
modern, or smart, world are also smart. Result of all these new technologies is coming up
like IoT, Industry 4.0, artificial intelligence, M2M etc. Now-a-days the electric vehicle is a
hot topic right now, and it's also an important part of the smart world. We all know that we
have a limited supply of fuel on our planet, so it is past time to switch to another method,
and electricity is the best option for it, as electric vehicles are an example. Developing
countries, such as India, are embracing new technologies. The Indian government has set
a realistic target of 30 percent electric vehicles by 2030, down from a previous target of 100
percent. As a result, parking and charging of electric vehicles are taken into consideration.
As a result, we are introducing an IoT-based car parking and EV (Electrical Vehicle)
charging system. Electrical vehicles, like current fuel cars, require a charging station, and
obviously charging takes time, so it is preferable to charge the car while it is parked. It is
therefore efficient to combine both the charging and parking system, which is based on IoT
technology, which makes the system user friendly. Data can be uploaded to the cloud and
smart phones at the same time. It is simple to monitor car parking as well as charging of
vehicles when they are parked at the same time with the use of IoT, which aids in
synchronized parking. Another key aspect of using IoT is that we can store data on the
cloud, which we can access at any time and from any location, making life easier and
simpler.

1
 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY
[1] Pampa Sadhukhan proposed E-parking system using an integrated component
called parking meter to address the issues as well as to provide smart parking
management throughout the city. The increasing number of vehicles on the road
along with the mismanagement of available parking space leads to the parking
related problems as well as increased traffic congestion in urban areas. Thus, it is
highly required to develop an automated smart parking management system that
would help the driver to find out some suitable parking space for his/her vehicle very
quickly. Although ample research works on the development of smart parking
systems exist in literature, most of them have not addressed the problem of real-time
detection of improper parking and automatic collection of parking charges. In this
paper, a prototype of an internet-of-thing based E-parking system is proposed.
[2] Julian Timpner, Lars Wolf discussed that the V-Charge project has the vision to
provide a solution by combining autonomous valet parking with e-mobility,
introducing improved parking and charging comfort to increase customer acceptance
of electric vehicles. V-Charge proposes a solution for charging autonomous electric
vehicles in parking places and efficiently using scarce charging resources.

[3] Kriti Chopra, Kunal Gupta focused that the IoT enabled smart cards make use of
some sensor devices that are used to carry the device-related information to the
Internet. Further, this existing Smart Card will be extended to store the information
regarding the vehicle registration, vehicle type, vehicle owner's license details,
vehicle pollution details, vehicle challan details and vehicle insurance details
[4] Erhuvwu Ayisire, Adel Sharaf discussed that the Wireless power transfer (WPT)
for Electric Vehicles by magnetic resonance coupling is of high priority due to its
efficiency, high power transmission and larger charging distance. Also, we
demonstrated with simulations how energy can be transferred efficiently between
two magnetically coupled resonating coils. Also, the effect of parameters such as the
inductor, capacitor, load, and coupling coefficient on efficiency are also discussed.
[5] Supapong Nutwong, [Link] focussed that the retroreflective photoelectric sensor is
adopted, which can enhance the accuracy and reliability of the conventional position

2
 detection system. With the presented method, the system is operated at the
maximum efficiency throughout the operation. Furthermore, the IoT technology is
also introduced in the proposed system where remote monitoring and controlling can
be achieved
[6] Michel Ferreira,[Link] performed a complete evaluation of different strategies of
vehicle coordination based on large-scale datasets of parking sessions in distinct
scenarios and under varying demand patterns. Our results on the key metrics,
namely area per vehicle, travel distance while parked, and removal time - clearly
highlight the relevance and efficiency of this novel approach to parking.
[7] K. Vijayakumar discussed that the market for electric vehicles has been growing
enormously over the last two years and should continue to expand exponentially.
This requires a large domestic and commercial charging network. The EV charging
infrastructure that enables electric vehicle adoption relies heavily on partnerships
between the private and public sectors, including utilities, government agencies,
automakers, and the general public. Electric vehicles are shifting energy paradigms
for mobility around the world. Many factors contribute to a consideration of fueling
with electricity: When to charge, where to charge, how fast can the vehicle charge,
and who will charging affect? As more electric vehicles pull power from the grid,
utilities will need to address the increasing demand drivers will place on the grid.
Energy storage and source from solar PV systems provides an eloquent solution to
power providers and drivers alike.
[8] Deeksha Devendra, [Link] focussed that the Electric Vehicle (EV) charger, also
called Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) is an infrastructure element that
supplies electrical energy for recharging EVs. The paper focuses on the design and
fabrication of two-wheeler (escooter) electric vehicle charging equipment.
Considering the future scenario of mass privatization of EV two-wheelers on Indian
roads, the outline discusses the product design based on fabricability, affordability,
and ability to mass manufacture. The proposed architecture follows the Level 2
charging standards (240 Volts), and is based on the open charge point protocol
(OCPP). The suggested EVCS is constructed considering the safety prerequisites of
system administrators, installers, consumers, government agencies and others. The

3
 design of EVCS links to three industries: equipment manufacturers, software
industry and electric power networks. This paper presents design considerations by
elaborating the hardware, software, and protocols followed to design the Level 2
charging standard EVCS.
[9] Markus Henke; Tim-Hendrik Dietrich focused on the conceptual design and the
required measurements to charge electric taxis on the proprietary emil charging
stations. One of the main targets is the development of a system that can be applied
into a variety of different vehicles, being charged on the primary charging systems of
the emil buses. It is presented how to implement the highpower charging system in
series production electric vehicles. This means that beside electromagnetic coil
design and power electronic converter design a charging procedure is emulated on
the prototype vehicle control unit to operate the inductive charging process.
[10] K. Aravindhan, [Link] discussed on a simple vehicle-2-vehicle (V2V) charging
system provided electric vehicles with a versatile and fast power sharing method
without the use of battery packs. Some of the key technical problems in cooperative
V2V charging include successful charging navigation structure designs with lower
processing demands and high computational decisionmaking expertise for the
selection of halting locations to operate V2V charging facilities, and the necessary
matching problem between charging and discharging electric vehicles. To address
the aforementioned issues, we suggest a smart V2V charging course-plotting
approach for growing the integer of distributed electric vehicles. Specifically, a
networking model focused on hybrid based vehicular ad-hoc networks guarantees
effective message and efficient charging coordination. The functionality and efficacy
of the proposed concept on V2V charging course-plotting strategy was demonstrated
through a series of simulated data with respect to packet delivery ratio and offloading
time.

4
 CHAPTER 3 AIM AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION
3.1 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Future of the world is moving towards smartness i.e., IoT systems and in that wireless
system will be preferable one. As this system is IoT and cloud based, it is already wireless.
So, it will be easy to adopt in future also. As per today’s circumstances this system consists
of both parking and charging availability as per vehicle type. As we are witnessing how the
world is moving towards EV’s, so if all vehicles get replaced by EVs, the system can be
modified as all slots will provide charging facility standardization of EV charging system will
make it more convenient. This system also can be utilized by using or creating applications
(mobile) for it including GPS systems like book, pay and park or charge. This will add
mo3.2 EXISTING SYSTEM
relay was used to detect the light. Paper [3] attempted to solve the problem using LDR,
Microcontroller (arduino), and PIR sensor. The light sources here can be from the opposite
vehicle, streetlights, lights from nearby shops with intensity greater than 1 candela and at a
distance of 50 meters. Paper [4] explained automatic headlight intensity control method
using photo transistor, ARM controller and XBee to solve the problem. And it depicted that
33 percentage of accidents occur during the night instead of day and also tend to have
higher percentage of death. As per survey done by researchers, the possible risk related to
road accidents is double at night compared to daytime. In paper [5] In this paper, own
circuit board using microcontroller was designed. The experimental results of this work
showed that, the headlight of the vehicle deflects when the coming car light at a 230m
distance. LDR was used to detect the light and transistor to amplify the signal. Paper [6]
proposed a method using LDR, microcontroller, Relay, Zigbee communication to control the
head light. And they have estimated that, the“information that drivers gather visually” is 90%
and whatever the actual percentage may be, the importance of the visual system to driving
cannot be doubted. Paper [7] proposed their technique using 2 LDRs, Microcontroller and
Relay. LDR was used in the front of the vehicle and another LDR on roof panel, and they
explained that Light“Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark sensor
circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1M ohms,
but when they are illuminated with light resistance, it drops drastically.

5
The authors of paper [8] explained their work using LDR, PIC microcontroller and Relay,
and they said that, the cause of temporary blindness is called as Troxler effect. It states that
this kind of temporary blindness is otherwise known as the fading effect. The study showed
that if human eyes are exposed to a very bright light source of around 10,000 lumens, a
glare or temporary” blindness is experienced. This glare is produced due to over exposure
of the rods and cones inside our eye. Even after the source of glare is removed, an after-
image remains in our eye that creates a blind spot. Paper [9] explained a technique using
LDR, Transistor and Relay. This system was designed, constructed, tested and its working
at a distance of 147m of the coming vehicle. In paper [10] the authors have explained a
project using LDR, Doppler Radar Sensor, OFS, VIP (Video Image Processor), Ultrasonic
Sensors and PIR (Passive Infrared), ILD (Inductive Loop Detectors), Magnetometers,
Arduino UNO (R3) and Boar. They explained that the components proposed are also very
cheap compared to the existing components in the luxury cars like BMW, Mercedes, Audi
etc. Hence this can be adapted in the economy sector cars.

3.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system is automatically operated and data obtained from the system is
stored on the cloud. This data can be only accessed by the owner. Other than this, the
owner can access data from anywhere and anytime which makes the system flexible and
secure.

3.6 PARKING SYSTEM

With the developing ubiquity of Keen Cities, there's continuously a request for shrewd
arrangements for every domain. Keen Stopping is one of the foremost embraced and
quickest developing savvy city arrangements across the world. In common, keen stopping
can be characterized as a framework which gives data about availability of stopping spaces
in a specific zone. Initially when the headlight of the vehicle is kept in high beam on road
and if another vehicle with high beam from the opposite direction hits on the light sensitive
material called Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) of the current vehicle, then the LDR
transmits low voltage current which cannot excite the relay. The output of LDR if fed to the
transistor which is connected to the battery, which amplifies the signal supplied to the relay.
5 pin relay counter changes the current supply between two circuits. In the vehicles, the
headlight system has two choices between the intensities, i.e., the relay will fluctuate the

6
current between the high beam and low beam. When the relay is excited due to the
transistor, the relay connected to high beam light at first stage changes to low beam in
second stage. The intensity at which the headlight fluctuates that is detected by the LDR is
controlled by the variable resistor, connected to the transistor which controls the flow of
current. When the vehicles coming in opposite direction passes by, there will be no
excitation to the relay and hence it suddenly changes to first stage giving low intensity light.

Fig.2. System architecture

a) LDR (Light Dependent Resistor):

Fig.3. LDR and its symbol

LDR is a light sensitive device and it works on the principal of photo conductivity which
changes its resistance value as light source falls on it. As the intensity of the light falling on

7
it increases, the conductivity of the LDR also increases. LDR exhibits analog output. There
exists a secondary option instead of LDR which is a photodiode. Both are low cost and
sensitive to light, however considering the case of headlight, LDR is preferred since it is
suited for rugged environment, and they are also used in streetlights. Photodiodes are used
in precision equipment.

b) RELAY:

Fig.4. 5pin relay

Relay is the electrically operated switching device. As 5pin relay is used in this work, the
relay consists of two circuits between which it changes the current flow and is optimized
using optimization techniques [11, 12].

4. Results and Discussion

As shown in fig.4, X and Y are the terminals of electromagnetic coil. Terminal C is having
metal filament which completes the circuit between the terminal A and B. In first stage, the
current is flowing between the terminal C and B where the high beam light is connected.
When the terminals X and Y are excited using electricity, the metal filament in C changes its
direction so that the connecting between the C and B is broken and connection between
the terminals C and A are made, Hence the low beam light connected to it starts glowing.
As relay does not require high current and cables, it reduces the cost and weight. Relays
are placed anywhere in the vehicle, and they can also be used in automobiles, motors etc.

Variable resistor:

8
Fig.5. Variable resistor and its diagram

Variable resistor or potentiometer is a device used to vary the resistance value in the
circuit depending on the position of the knob. It is commonly used in amplifiers, tuning
circuits etc.

Fig:4.5:ESP8266 Wi-Fi chip.

NodeMCU is a free and open-source LUA-based firmware for the ESP8266 Wi-Fi chip.
AS NodeMCU is an open-source platform, its hardware design is available for editing,

9
modification, and building. The ESP8266 Wi-Fi enabled chip is used in the NodeMCU
Development Kit/board.
The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip with 32-bit microcontroller capability,
standard digital peripheral interfaces. There are different types of ESP8266 boards
available for different needs. The primary goal of this board is to deal with the built-in Wi-Fi
through AT commands if used as device modules, but you can 'program' using the Arduino
board; however, it also reads and controls input/output, digital and analog.
Types of LDR Sensors
LDR sensors come in various types, each designed to suit different applications and light
detection needs. Understanding these types is crucial for selecting the right sensor for your
project. Let's explore the main categories of LDR sensors and their unique characteristics.
Intrinsic Photoresistors
Intrinsic photoresistors are the simplest form of LDR sensors. These devices use pure
semiconductors like silicon or germanium without any added impurities. The LDR working
principle in intrinsic photoresistors is straightforward: when light with sufficient energy hits
the semiconductor, it excites electrons, causing them to jump from the valence band to the
conduction band. This process increases the number of charge carriers, resulting in lower
resistance and higher current flow through the LDR sensor.
One of the key advantages of intrinsic photoresistors is their high sensitivity to light
changes. They respond quickly to variations in light intensity, making them ideal for
applications that require precise light detection. Photographers often use these LDR
sensors in light meters and automatic lighting systems due to their rapid response to
changing light conditions.
Extrinsic Photoresistors
Extrinsic photoresistors take the concept of LDR sensors a step further by incorporating
doped semiconductors. These devices have impurities added to the semiconductor
material, creating new energy levels above the valence band. This modification results in a
smaller band gap, meaning electrons need less energy to move into the conduction band.
The addition of impurities makes extrinsic photoresistors particularly sensitive to longer
wavelengths of light, including infrared radiation. This unique characteristic has an influence
on their applications, making them valuable in specific fields. For instance, security systems

10
often use extrinsic LDR sensors to detect infrared light, while environmental monitoring
systems benefit from their ability to sense particular light wavelengths.
Comparing Different LDR Types
When it comes to choosing between intrinsic and extrinsic LDR sensors, it's essential to
consider their distinct properties and how they align with your project's requirements.
Intrinsic photoresistors excel in general light detection tasks where quick response and high
sensitivity are paramount. Their simple structure and broad spectral response make them
versatile for many applications. On the other hand, extrinsic photoresistors shine in
specialized scenarios that demand sensitivity to specific wavelengths, particularly in the
infrared range.
The choice between these LDR types often comes down to the specific needs of your LDR
circuit design. For instance, if you're working on a project that requires detecting subtle
changes in visible light, an intrinsic photoresistor might be your best bet. However, if your
application involves sensing infrared radiation or requires sensitivity to a particular range of
wavelengths, an extrinsic photoresistor would be more suitable.
Understanding these differences allows you to harness the full potential of LDR sensors in
your projects. By selecting the appropriate type, you can ensure optimal performance and
efficiency in your light-sensitive applications, whether you're designing automatic street
lighting systems or developing sophisticated scientific instruments.

LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR):

A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or photoresistor is a device whose resistance varies

with the amount of incoming electromagnetic radiation. As a result, they are light sensitive
gadgets. Photo conductors, photo conducting cells, and simply photocells are some names
for them. They are made of high-resistance semiconductor materials.

11
 Fig:4.7:LDR SENSOR

Working Principle of LDR:

A light dependent resistor operates on the photo conductivity concept. Photo

conductivity is an optical phenomenon in which the conductivity (and hence resistivity) of a
substance decreases as light is absorbed by it. When light, or photons, strike the device,
electrons in the semiconductor material's valence band are stimulated to the conduction
band. To cause electrons to jump from the valence band to the conduction band, the
incoming light photons must have an energy larger than the band gap of the semiconductor
material. As a result, when sufficient energy is impacted on the device, more and more
electrons are stimulated to the conduction band, resulting in a huge number of charge
carriers. The result of this process is more and more current starts flowing and hence it is
said that the resistance of the device has decreased. This is the most common working

12
principle of LDR SENSOR

LDR SENSOR

ARDUINO:

Arduino is a free and open-source electronics platform with simple hardware and
software. Arduino boards can read inputs such as a light on a sensor, a finger on a button,
or a Twitter tweet and convert them into outputs such as operating a motor, turning on an
LED, or posting anything online. You may direct your board by delivering a series of
instructions to the board's microcontroller. You utilise the Arduino programming language
(based on Wiring) and the Arduino Software (IDE) (based on Processing) to do this.

13
Chapter 5

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS, PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

The proposed system has both hardware and software uploaded results, which are given
below.

14
5.1 HARDWARE RESULTS

Proposed system is provided with LCD display at entrance which displays information
regarding slots availability. Numbers show empty slots and ‘B’ shows booked slots.

15
16
As the sensor detects the vehicle in the charging slot, with some delay charging starts
automatically. Charging is started and is indicated by LED, as it glows.

5.2 SOFTWARE RESULTS

All data obtained in the hardware is updated on cloud. Then in devices we can see
which system is connected and at what time, which location we have [Link]
entering the device we can see all the actions going on. Which slot is asking access, at
what [Link] working can be understood by following method – /*Inventor DIY Inventor
(Krishna Agarwal)

Desingner DIY Inventor (Krishna Agarwal)

Codder DIY Inventor (Krishna Agarwal)

*/

//set pin numbers

//const won't change

const int ledPin = 12; //the number of the LED pin

const int ldrPin = A0; //the number of the LDR pin

17
void setup() {

[Link](9600);

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); //initialize the LED pin as an output

pinMode(ldrPin, INPUT); //initialize the LDR pin as an input

void loop() {

int ldrStatus = analogRead(ldrPin); //read the status of the LDR value

//check if the LDR status is <= 500

//if it is, the LED is HIGH

[Link](ldrStatus);

/*Inventor DIY Inventor (Krishna Agarwal)

Desingner DIY Inventor (Krishna Agarwal)

Codder DIY Inventor (Krishna Agarwal)

18
*/

if (ldrStatus <=80) {

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); //turn LED on

else {

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); //turn LED off

19
 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION
LDR sensors have proven to be versatile and invaluable components in countless
electronic applications. Their ability to detect light changes and convert them into
measurable electrical signals has a significant impact on various fields, from everyday
conveniences to advanced scientific research. The simple yet effective working principle of
these light-sensitive devices allows for their integration into a wide range of systems,
making our lives easier and more efficient.
As technology continues to evolve, LDR sensors are likely to find even more innovative
uses. Their role in energy-efficient lighting, security systems, photography, and
environmental monitoring showcases their adaptability and importance in our increasingly
light-sensitive world. Whether you're a hobbyist tinkering with electronics or a professional
engineer designing complex systems, understanding LDR sensors opens up a world of
possibilities to harness the power of light detection in your projects.

6.1 APPLICATIONS:
LDR sensors have a wide range of applications across various industries due to their
sensitivity to light and versatile nature. Let's explore some of the most common uses of
these remarkable devices.
Automatic Lighting Systems
One of the most widespread applications of LDR sensors is in automatic lighting systems.
These systems use LDR circuits to detect ambient light levels and adjust lighting
accordingly. For instance, street lights equipped with LDR sensors can automatically turn
on when darkness falls and switch off at dawn. This not only enhances convenience but
also contributes to energy conservation.
In residential and commercial settings, LDR sensors play a crucial role in creating energy-
efficient lighting solutions. They help to automatically dim or brighten indoor lights based on
the amount of natural light available, reducing unnecessary energy consumption.
Security Devices

20
LDR sensors have an influence on security systems, making them more effective and
reliable. They're often used in burglar alarms and smoke detectors. In burglar alarm
systems, LDR sensors can detect sudden changes in light levels, potentially indicating an
intruder's presence. This triggers the alarm, enhancing the security of homes and
businesses.
Smoke detectors utilize LDR sensors to detect changes in light caused by smoke particles.
When smoke interferes with the light reaching the sensor, it triggers the alarm, providing
early warning in case of fire.
Camera Light Meters
In the world of photography, LDR sensors have revolutionized exposure control. Camera
light meters use these sensors to measure the amount of light in a scene, helping
photographers achieve the perfect exposure. The LDR working principle allows for accurate
light measurement across various wavelengths, ensuring optimal image quality in different
lighting conditions.
Many modern cameras incorporate sophisticated LDR circuits to automatically adjust
settings like aperture and shutter speed based on the detected light levels. This automation
has made photography more accessible to beginners while providing advanced tools for
professionals.
Environmental Monitoring
LDR sensors are invaluable in environmental monitoring applications. They're used to track
changes in light levels over time, which can be crucial for various scientific studies and
agricultural applications. For example, in greenhouse management, LDR sensors help
monitor and control light exposure for optimal plant growth.
These sensors also play a role in weather stations, helping to measure solar radiation and
daylight duration. Such data is essential for climate research and renewable energy
applications, particularly in optimizing the efficiency of solar panels.
The sensitivity of LDR sensors to different wavelengths makes them particularly useful in
specialized environmental monitoring tasks. For instance, some LDR sensors are designed
to be more responsive to infrared radiation, allowing for specific types of environmental
observations.
In conclusion, the applications of LDR sensors are diverse and continually expanding. From
enhancing our daily lives through automatic lighting to contributing to scientific research
and security systems, these simple yet powerful devices demonstrate the profound impact
of light-sensitive technology in our world.

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE:

Future of world is moving towards smartness i.e., IoT systems and wireless systems
will be preferable. As this system is IoT and cloud based, it is already wireless. So, it will be
21
easy to adopt in future also. As per today’s circumstances this system consists of both
parking and charging availability as per vehicle type. If in future, all vehicles get replaced by
EVs, the system can be modified as all slots will provide charging facility standardization of
EV charging system will make more convenience. This system also can be utilized by using
or creating applications (mobile) for it including GPS systems like book, pay and park or
charge.
This will add more smartness in the system.

22
 CHAPTER 7 REFERENCE

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International Conference on Internet of Things and Applications (IOTA),
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[2] Adilet Sultanbek, Auyez Khassenov, Yerassyl Kanapyanov, Madina

Kenzhegaliyeva, Mehdi Nagheri, “Intelligent Wireless Charging Station for
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[3] Aniket Gupta, Sujata Kulkarni, et al, “Smart Car Parking Management
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[4] Anusha, Arshita M S, Anushri, Geetanjali Bishtannavar, Ms. Megha D

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Chirag Panchal, et al, “Review of static and dynamic wireless electric vehicle
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23
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[9] Morris Kesler, “Wireless Charging of Electrical Vehicles”, WiTricity

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[14] Zhe Wei, Yue Li, Yongmin Zhang, Lin Cal, “Intelligent Parking
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